Vitamins B5, B6, B7: Amal Fahma Ak S1 MSC Biotechology

VITAMINS
B5,B6,B7
AMAL FAHMA AK
S1 MSC BIOTECHOLOGY
• Vitamins are organic components in food that
are needed in small amounts to maintain health
and growth
• They build up resistance of the body against
diseases
• Prevent and cure diseases based on deficiencies
• Stimulate and give strength to digestive and
nervous system
• Help the digestion and utilization of mineral
salts and carbohydrates in the body
PANTOTHENIC ACID
 Greek word
Pantos-everywhere/Universal
It is widely distributed in nature
In old literature it was known as chick
antidermatitis factor
Necessary for making blood cells and helps to
convert food to energy
STRUCTURE
 It consist of an alanine chain in peptide linkage
with a dihydroxy-dimethyl butyric acid.
 It is viscous and soluble in water and is heat
labile.
 The free acid is destroyed by an amino acid or
alkali
 The calcium and sodium salts of pantothenic
acid are more stable
SOURCES
 Important sources are liver, kidney, eggs and
milk.
 Among the plant sources are molassess, peas,
cabbage, sweet potatoes, tomatoes
 Since it is synthesized by the normal bacterial
flora in intestines deficiencies are rare.
COENZYME ACTIVITY
part of
 Pantothenic acid and beta mercapto ethanol amine are
coenzyme A.The CoA is a nucleotide and is formed by
combination of pentoic acid and beta alanine.
 A stands for acylation or acetylation
 Synthesis of CoA from pantothenic acid
 It needs the expenditure of 4 high energy bonds
 The beta mercapto ethanol amine contains one
sulfhydryl group
 It is the active site where acyl groups are carried
 Thus coA is generally abbreviated as coA- SH to
denote the active site.
 Important cOA derivatives are acetyl CoA,
Succinyl COA, HMG coA and Acyl coA
 Some of the important reactions of coA incluses
 TCA Cycle
 Gluconeogenesis
 Fatty acid synthesis
KREBS CYCLE
 Also known as TCA Cycle (Tricarboxylic acid
cycle)
 is a series of chemical reactions to release
stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-
CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins.
SIGNIFICANCE OF KREBS
CYCLE
 Complete oxidation of acetyl COA
 ATP Generation
 Integration of major metabolic pathways
 No net synthesis of carbohydrates from fat
 GLUCONEOGENESIS
 It is the metabolic pathway by which
organisms produce glucose for catabolic
reactions from non carbohydrates precursors.
 Reverse of glycolysis
 Takes place in liver and kidney
 There are 11 enzymes or steps, required for the
complete process of Gluconeogenesis
 Acetyl-CoA activates pyruvate carboxylase,
which converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate (OAA)
for use in the gluconeogenic pathway.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF GLUCONEOGENESIS
 Gluconeogenesis meets the needs of the body
for glucose when sufficient carbohydrate is not
available from the diet or glycogen reserves.
 Gluconeogenesis mechanism is used to clear
the products of the metabolism of other tissues
from the blood
 A continual supply of glucose is necessary as a
source of energy especially for the nervous
system and erythrocytes.
Fatty acid synthesis
 Lipogenesis, the synthesis of fatty acids which
occurs mainly in the liver in humans, with
dietary carbohydrate as the major source of
carbon.
 Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids
from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the
action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases.
 significance of fatty acid synthesis
 a critical anabolic pathway in most organisms
 Fatty acid biosynthesis is important for cell
growth, differentiation, and homoeostasis.
DEFICIENCY
Causes inhibition of fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid
oxidation and pyruvate oxidation
set of symptoms in which the feet often become
uncomfortably hot and painful
Gopalans burning foot syndrome is manifested mainly as
paresthesia in lower extremities, staggering gait due to
impaired coordination and sleep disturbances
The syndrome is seen during famine, in prison camps, in
chronic alcoholics and in some renal dialysis patients
In experimental animals, deficiency has resulted in anemia,
reduced steroidogenesis, dermatitis, fatty liver and adrenal
necrosis
REQUIREMENT
 RDA is assumed to be about 10mg /day
VITAMIN B7
 Known as biotin
 In old literature biotin was known as anti egg
white injury factor.
 The name biotin derives from the Greek word
“bios” (to live) and the suffix “-in”
 Biotin is important in a number of essential
metabolic reactions in humans, including
catalyzing the synthesis of fatty acids,
metabolism of the amino acid leucine, and
gluconeogenesis .
 Biotin is important in cell growth; plays a
role in the Krebs cycle, helps with the
transfer of carbon dioxide; and is useful in
maintaining a steady blood sugar level.
 STRUCTURE OF BIOTIN
 It consists of an imidazole ring fused with a
thiophene ring with a valeric acid side chain.
 The carboxyl group forms an amide linkage
with the epsilon nitrogen of a lysine residue in
the apoenzyme.
COENZYME ACTIVITY OF BIOTIN
 Biotin acts as coenzyme for carboxylation reactions
 In the first step, a molecule of co2 is captured by biotin.the
resulting carboxybiotin contains carboxyl group covalently
attached to the nitrogen of the biotin molecule.The energy
required for this reaction is provided by ATP in the second step,
the activated carboxyl group is transferred to the substrate and a
free biotinyl enzyme is regenerated.
 Biotin requiring carbon dioxide fixation
reaction
 1.acetyl coA carboxylase

 This enzyme adds co2 to acetyl coA to form
malonyl CoA
 This is the rate limiting reaction in biosynthesis
of fatty acids
 CH3CO-ScoA +Co2+ATP-->COOH-CH2-CO-
ScoA+ADP+Pi
 Propionyl coA Carboxylase
 Another biotin requiring enzyme
 Propionyl coA +Co2+ATP-->Methyl malonyl
coA+ADP+pi
 The D-methyl malonyl coA thus formed is then
racemised to an L form, which is then
isomerised to succinyl CoA by vitamin b12
dependant enzyme
 Pyruvate carboxylase
 This enzyme fixes co2 to pyruvate to form
oxaloacetate
 It needs biotin in two aspects
 One it provides the oxaloacetate which is the
catalyst for TCA cycle, other for
Gluconeogenesis
 Leucine metabolism
 In leucine metabolism beta methyl crotonyl
coA to beta methyl glutoconyl CoA is also
catalysed by a biotin containing carboxylase
Biotin antagonists
 Avidin is a protein present in egg white and has
great affinity to biotin
 Hence intake of raw egg can cause biotin
deficiency... (Biotin was named anti-egg white
injury factor)
 Avidin-heat labile-boiling of egg neutralize
inhibitory activity
 One molecule of avidin can compare with four
molecules of biotin.. Thus affinity of avidin to
biotin is greater than most ag-ab interactions
 Therefore avidin-biotin system is used to replace
ab for detection of pathogens in elisa test
Deficiency of biotin
 It may be produced by :
 Large quantities of avidin
 Prolonged use of antibacterial drugs
 Very rarely when holocarboxylase synthetase
enzyme is absent
DEFICIENCY OF BIOTIN
 Usually characterized by alopecia and scaly
erythematous dermatitis distributed around
the body orifices, acidemia, aciduria, hearing
and vision problems
 Can cause developmental delay in children
 Leiners disease occurs in breastfed young
infants with persistant diarrhoea
 Can cause muscle pain, hallucinations
 Injection of biotin 100-300mg will bring about
rapid cure of these symptoms
REQUIREMENT OF BIOTIN
 About 200-300mg will meet the daily
requirements
VITAMIN B6
 It is a term applied to a family of 3 related
pyridine derivatives
 Pyridoxine
 Pyridoxal
 Pyridoxamine
 Main supply of b6 compounds in food is in the
form of pyridoxine which can be readily
converted to pyridoxal and pyridoxamine in
the body
SOURCES
 Rich sources are dried yeast, rice polishing,
wheat germs, cereals , legumes, oil seeds, egg
milk, meat, fish and green leafy vegetables
 A part of B6 requirement is met by the bacterial
synthesis in the intestines
STRUCTURE
 The chemical name of pyridoxine is 2-methyl-
3-hydroxy-4,5-dihydroxymethyl pyridine.
 The alcohol on the 4th position maybe oxidised
to an aldehyde to form pyridoxal or it maybe
substituted by an amino group to form
pyridoxamine.
 Hence vitamin B6 exists in three forms
Coenzyme form
 Active form of pyridoxine is pyridoxal phosphate(PLP)
 It is synthesized by pyridoxal kinase utilizing ATP
 The aldehyde group of PLP is attached with the epsilon
aminogroup of lysine residue of the apo-enzyme
 Pyridoxal+ATP-->ADP+Pyridoxal phosphate
Functions of PLP
 PLP acts as coenzyme for many reactions in
aminoacid metabolism
 1
DEFICIENCY MANIFESTATIONS
 Neurological manifestations
 In vit B6 deficiency, PLP dependant enzymes
functions poorly. So serotonin, epinephrine,
noradrinaline and gamma amino butyric acid
are not produced properly.so neurological
symptoms are very common
 In children it leads to convulsions due to
decreased formation of Gaba
 PLP is involved in the synthesis of
sphingolipids, so b6 deficiency leaeds to
demyelination of nerves and consequent
peripheral neuritis associated synovial swelling
and tenderness
 DERMATOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS
 It affects tryptophan metabolism, since niacin is
produced from tryptophan, B6 deficiency in
turn leads to niacin deficiency which is
manifested as peliagra
HEMATOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS
 In adults hypochromic microcytic anemia may

occur due to the inhibition of heme
biosynthesis.impaired antibody formation is
also reported.
REQUIREMENT OF B6
 It is recommended that adults need 1 to 2
mg /day
 During pregnancy and lactation the
requirement is increased to 2.5mg/day
 TOXICITY
 Doses over 100mg leads to imbalances,
numbness, muscle weakness and more damage
Thankyou

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VITAMINS

 1.acetyl coA carboxylase

 In adults hypochromic microcytic anemia may

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