PARTS OF SPEECH

There are 8 parts of speech in English Language:

1. NOUN-

2. PRONOUN-

3. ADJECTIVE-

4. VERB-

5. ADVERB-

6. PREPOSITION-

7. CONJUNCTION-

8. INTERJECTION-
• NOUN- Noun is the name of a person, place, thing, animal, quality and
condition.
OR
Naming words are called noun.
Person- Ravi
Place- Nainital
Thing- pen
Animal- dog
Quality- Honesty
Condition– Illness
 KINDS OF NOUN
There are 5 kinds of noun.
• PROPER NOUN- The name of a particular person, place or thing is
called Proper Noun.
Ex- Ravi, Delhi, Ramayan.
• COMMON NOUN- The word which is used as the common name of
persons, places or things is called Common Noun.
Ex- student, boy, child
• COLLECTIVE NOUN- The word which is used as the name of a
collection of persons, things.
Ex- A class of student, A library of books.
• MATERIAL NOUN- the name of any material which is used to make
other things is called Material Noun.
Ex- This ring is made of gold.
• ABSTRACT NOUN- It is the name of any quality, action or state.
• Ex- Honesty is the best policy.
 PRONOUN
PRONOUN- A Pronoun is a word which is used in place of a
noun.
Ex- Mohit is a good boy. student.
He studies in my class.

PERSONAL PRONOUN - A Personal Pronoun is a word used for the

name of the person or thing.
PERSON SINGULAR/ SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE
PLURAL ADJECTIVE PRONOUN PRONOUN

Ist Singular I me My mine myself

 

Plural we us Our ours ourselves  

IInd Singular you you Your yours yourself  

Plural you you Your yours yourselves  

IIIrd Singular He/she/it Him/her/ his/her/its his/her/its himself

it  

plural they them Their theirs themselves  

ADJECTIVE
An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun
or pronoun including its quality, quantity, number and
position.
Ex. I have a red pen.
He is a good boy.
 KINDS OF ADJECTIVE

•Adjective of quality- Ravi is a good boy.

•Adjective of quantity- I have many books.
•Adjective of Number- She has got the first prize.
•Demonstrative Adjective- These books are costly.
•Possessive Adjective- this is my pen.
DEGREE OF ADJECTIVE
There are three degrees of Adjective-
Positive degree- When we speak about only
one person or thing we use positive degree of
Adjective.
Ravi is a good player of cricket.
Comparative degree- When we compare two
persons or two things with each other with the
same quality we use comparative degree of
Adjective.
Sumit is a better player than Ravi.
Superlative degree- We use superlative degree
when we compare more than two persons or
things of the same quality.
Ex: Rohit is the best player of our team.

Some important Adjective and their degrees:

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Tall taller Tallest
High Higher Highest
Bright Brighter Brightest
Great Greater Greatest
Cheap Cheaper Cheapest
Small Smaller Smallest
Clever Cleverer Cleverest
fine finer Finest
Brave Braver Bravest
White Whiter Whitest
Wise Wiser Wisest
Wide Wider Widest
Able Abler Ablest
Rich Richer Richest
Large Larger Largest
Noble Nobler Noblest
Thin Thinner Thinnest
Hot Hotter Hottest
Fat Fatter Fattest
Big Bigger Biggest
 THE VERB
A Verb is a word used for saying something about a person or thing.
Or
Action words are called Verb.
KINDS OF VERB- There are two types of verb-
Transitive Verb.
Intransitive Verb.
TRANSITIVE VERB- Transitive verbs are the Verbs which need an
object to complete their meanings. It means that the action has a
definite recipient or object.
Ex- He called me(object).
INTRANSITIVE VERB- These verbs do not need any object to make
complete sense. They do not have any direct or indirect object to
receive their actions but they may sometimes need an adverbial
modifier, an adverb or adverbial phrasal.
Ex. The baby laughs.
2 The baby laughs loudly. (Adjective)
Verbs are divided into two parts

•Main verb or Action verb or Lexical verb- Main verb shows the
action in the sentence. Action verbs talk about what the subject is doing
in the sentence.
Ex. I am playing. He is reading a story.

•Helping verb or Auxiliary verb- Helping verbs help the main verb in
the sentence. It indicates the time of the action. Helping verbs are- is,
am, are, was, were, do, does, did, has, have, had, will, shall etc.
 FORMS OF VERB

Present(1st) Past(2nd) Past Participle(3rd) Verb(ing) form Verb(s,es)

Admit Admitted Admitted Admitting Admits

Advise Advised Advised Advising Advises
Appoint Appointed Appointed Appointing Appoints
Ask Asked Asked Asking Asks
Attack Attacked Attacked Attacking Attacks
Break Broke Broken Breaking Breaks
Bring Brought Brought Bringing Brings
Buy Bought Bought Buying Buys
Boil Boiled Boiled Boiling Boils
collect Collected Collected Collecting Collects
Come Came Come Coming Comes
Complete Completed Completed Completing Completes
Cut Cut Cut Cutting Cuts
Cry Cried Cried Crying Cries
Dig Dug Dug Digging Digs
Do Did Done Doing Does
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking Drinks
THE ADVERB
An Adverb adds the meaning to Verb, Adjective or other Adverb. It
shows how, when or where something happened.
OR
An Adverb is the word which modifies a verb, an Adjective or another
Adverb.
Ex Suman speaks fluently.
He runs very fast.
She is extremely happy.
 TYPES OF ADVERB
•ADVERB OF MANNER- These Adverbs tells us how and in what way or manner an action is
taken.
Ex. the cow runs slowly.
•ADVERB OF PLACE- These Adverbs tell us about the place where an action occurred or
will occur.
Ex. she lives here.
•ADVERB OF TIME- These Adverbs tell us about the time when an action takes place.
Ex Ravi will come tomorrow.
•ADVERB OF FREQUENCE- These Adverbs tell us how often an action occurs.
Ex. We go to market weekly.
ADVERB OF DEGREE- tells us about the intensity or degree of an action, an adjective or
another adverb. Adverbs of degree are usually placed before the adjective, adverb or verb. They
are modifying, although there are some exceptions.
Ex.1. The girl was very beautiful.
•She spoke too quickly for me to understand.
RELATIVE ADVERB- where, when and why can be used to join to sentences or clauses.
They replace the more formal structure of preposition, which is used to introduce to relative
clause.
Ex. That’s the restaurant where we met for the first time.
Tell me why you came late home.
I remember the day when we first met.
THE PREPOSITION
A Preposition is a word used before a Noun or Pronoun to show its
relationship with other words of the sentence.
Ex The postman is at the door.

TYPES OF PREPOSITION ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTION

•OF PLACE- in, at, on, between, below, over, across, under, above, up,
upon, behind
•OF TIME- at, on, in, by, till, until, during, before, after, within, since,
for, from.
•OF DIRECTION- to, into, through, towards, along, across, over, onto.
•OTHER IMP PREPOSITION- With, of, off, beside, besides, for.
THE CONJUNCTION
A conjunction is a word which joins two words, phrases, clauses and
sentences.
•PHRASE- A group of word which does not contain a finite verb &
work like a parts of speech.
Ex. In the dustbin
•FINITE VERBS- finite verbs change their forms when there is a
change in the number or person of the subject. Finite verbs also have
different forms in different tenses.
•NON-FINITE VERBS-Non-finite verbs do not change their form
when the number or person of the subject changes.
Ex. Ravi goes (F) to market to purchase (Non-f) books.
Ex. Ravi always wants (F) to sing (Non-f)
 TYPES OF NON-FINITES
Non-finites are categorized into three types:
•The Infinitives- these are the base verbs with or without ‘to’. These are also called
verbal noun
Ex. He wants to buy a new car.
We want to learn English.
To play with fire is very risky.
After some verbs like watch, bid, see, let, make, help, hear, feel etc. we do not use ‘to’
Ex. The gate keeper made him wait.
THE GERUND- the gerund is non-finite verb which has verb+ing form used as noun
It can be used in the following ways-
The subject of a verb-
Ex. Walking in the morning is useful.
As the object of a transitive verb-
Kiran and Dipti enjoy playing.
As object of a preposition-
Hemant was awarded for saving the life of a drowning child.
After certain verbs like certain verbs like understand, admit, suggest, avoid, stop,
consider, risk, delay, recollect, deny, prevent, enjoy, excuse, pardon, finish, keep,
forgive, imagine etc
Ex. I stopped watching as I felt tired.
THE
PARTICIPLE- the participle is a verb that is used as an adjective. It is a verbal
adjective and does the work of a verb and an adjective in the sentence.
Ex. He saw the glittering stars.
•Present participle- it is formed by adding –ing to the base form.
Ex. Their words were insulting
They found the child crying.
•Past participle- past participle is the third form of the verb. It shows a completed
action.
Ex. He has finished his work.
I found the door closed.
I saw a killed snake.
A burnt child dreads fire.
•Perfect participle- It is formed by putting having before the past participle. It
denotes an action which was completed at some time in the past.
Ex. Having bought the shirt, he came out of the showroom.
Having done his work he went off to watch a movie.
Having won the match, the team went on a holiday.
•CLAUSE- A group of words which contains a subject and a finite
verb is called a clause.
Ex. He threw the paper in the dustbin.(Noun clause)
Ex. She refused to drink milk because she hates milk.(Adverbial
clause)
Ex. I drank milk which you brought yesterday.(Adjectival clause)
There are two kinds of clauses-
•Main clause, Principal clause or Independent clause-
An Independent clause conveys a complete meaning.
•Subordinate or Dependent clause- A dependent clause has a
subject and a verb but does not convey a completing meaning. It
requires the help of an independent clause to complete the meaning.
We use subordinate conjunction and relative pronouns to join
Independent and Dependent clauses.
Ex. The world is a better place for the people (In) who are honest
and laborious.(Dep)
CATEGORIES OF SENTENCE
•Simple sentence- A simple sentence is a sentence with just one
main clause. It has a subject and a finite verb. It conveys complete
meaning.
Ex. I like tea.
•Complex sentence- A sentence that has an Independent clause and
one or Dependent clause is known as Complex Sentence. Sub-
ordinate conjunctions are used to make such kinds of sentences.
Ex. I like tea that my sister makes.
•Compound Sentence- Compound sentences are sentences which
have two Independent clauses combined coordinate conjunction.
Ex. I like tea but my sister likes coffee.
Important Conjunctions
1 And- We use ‘and’ to join similar statement or facts.
Ex Rahul and Reena came to my party
He is intelligent and honest boy.
2 BUT- We use ‘but’ to state a contrast between two statements or facts. Some time we
use but to use but to express opposition also.
Ex. Mrs Sharma is strict but kind.
Ex. She tried her best but she could not complete the assignment on time.
3 SO- We use ‘so’ to express the result of previous action.
Ex Write down the address so we do not forget it.
Ex There was traffic jam on the road so she reached late.
4 OR- We use ‘or’ to show the choice for something/between two alternatives
Ex. What would you like tea or coffee.
5 BECAUSE- We use ‘because’ to suggest the reason of something.
Ex The function was postponed because the singer could not reach on time.
INTERJECTION- A word or phrase that is used to express surprise, pain,
pleasure is called an interjection.
Ex. 1. Oh! He has failed.
2. Wow! What a beautiful painting.
3. Hurrah ! We have won the match.