Chapter One

Introduction
COST EFFICIENT CONSTRUCTION

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What is your basic need in your
life????????
1.______
2.______
3.______

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 Problem Background
 Many people dream of building their own house.
 Not only does it allow the home owner to choose the home
design that best meets their needs,
 but it can also be a great way to save money on housing.

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 The United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD; 2008) groups
homeless persons into two broad categories:
(a) Primary homelessness (or roof lessness).
 This category includes persons living in streets or without a
shelter or living residences;
(b) Secondary homelessness
 This category may include persons with no place of usual
residence who move frequently between various types of
accommodation (including private house, shelters or other living
quarters).

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The United Nations estimates that at least one hundred million
people in the world have no home.
 If poor quality housing are included, the number is more than 1.6
billion.
 Worldwide housing needs are expected to double over the next 50
years.
 In Africa alone, they are expected to grow more than three fold.
 In Ethiopia, construction costs are increasing dramatically
 Cost of construction is beyond the affordability of the
economically weak and low-income groups of population as well
as a large cross section of the middle-income groups.
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 Objectives
Therefore, there is a need to adopt cost-effective construction
methods
 By up grading of traditional technologies and materials in
ecologically acceptable way using local resources or
 Applying modern construction materials and techniques with
efficient inputs leading to economic solutions or
 Inventing any new practical way that can solve the problem
and provision of regulations for the new materials
Promote the production of local construction materials and
their dissemination within Communities
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What is cost efficient/ Low cost?
 Low cost housing construction technologies aim to cut down
construction cost by using alternatives to conventional methods
and Input.
 It is effective budgeting technique by using locally available
material along with improve skills and technology without
losing the strength, performance and life of structure.
 Low cost housing merely satisfies the most bottom and
fundamental human needs for shelter.

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 Affordability: Definition
 Affordable housing is a term used to describe dwelling units
whose total housing cost are deemed/believed “Affordable” to a
group of people within a specified income range.
 Low cost does not mean low standards, standards should be
fulfilled or well cooperated.
Low cost housing can be achieved by using:
Available, Efficient planning and project management,
Low cost materials,
Economical construction technologies and
use of alternate construction methods
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 cont’d
By using appropriate design, material and managing appropriately
work man ship (labor).
Critical factors considered to build low cost housing
Design
 One of the most critical factors to build a low cost home involves

the basic design of the home.

 By choosing more economical home designs, one is more likely to
keep the overall budget low.
 In general, multi-story homes are cheaper to build than single story
homes.
 This is due to the smaller roofs and foundation associated with
multi-story homes.
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Materials
 The materials used to build a home can make a huge difference in
cost.
 One way to minimize material costs is by sticking with standard,
Black market and buying mass construction materials
Labor
 One of the biggest expenses many people face when it comes to
building a home is the cost of labor.
 To minimize this expense, look to see how much of the work you
can do yourself.

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Theories of cost efficient construction process
Stages for Cost Minimization

• Integrated Planning
Planning • Detailed Planning
Stage
• Documentation

• Material
Construction • Labor
Stage • Wastage Minimization
• Building Systems

• Low electricity
Building Use • Low water
Stage
• Maintenance
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 Strategic Plans for low cost construction
 Selection and evaluation of material processes.
 Up scaling and modernization of home-grown production
technologies.
 Selection, evaluation and establishing economics of emerging
methods of construction.
 Strengthening technology dissemination (expansion).
 Land cost should be kept to a minimum.
 Training and skill upgrading including entrepreneurship
development.

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 Cont’d
 risk assessment and disaster resistant construction.
 Technology Transfer

Low cost = Low energy

 Most of the building material industries as a whole trust to a large
extent on high temperature processes and are among the most
energy-intensive industries.
Therefore; Contribution of the building industry to global warming
can no longer be ignored.

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Energy consumption stages

Building
material
production
consumption

Transportation
consumption

Construction
stage
consumption

Building usage
consumption

Demolition
consumption

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Cost Efficiency and sustainability
Sustainable Construction (also known as green construction or
sustainable building)
 Refers to a structure, the construction process and occupancy
processes that are environmentally responsible and resource
efficient throughout a building's life-cycle from location to
design, construction, operation, maintenance, restoration, and
demolition.

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Building construction, operation, and demolition have a variety of
environmental impacts, including
 air pollution

 gas emissions associated with climate change

 solid waste generation

 water pollution

 Natural resource depletion/reduction.

So the objective of sustainable construction is to reduce environmental

impact.

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 Sustainable Construction is a development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.

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 Sustainable construction should

 Consume minimum energy over its life cycle

 Generate minimum waste over its life cycle

 Use renewable resources where possible

 Effective protection of the environment

 Careful use of natural resources

 Sustainable buildings typically have lower annual costs for
energy, water, maintenance/repair and other operating
expenses.

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 Cont’d

 Low cost does not mean low standards, standards

should be fulfilled or well compromised.
 Standards should be provided for newly founded
materials or local materials which are not covered by
the building code.

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 !! !
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k y
an
T h

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