Social Studies: 2022 Arnold Soogrim
Social Studies: 2022 Arnold Soogrim
Social Studies: 2022 Arnold Soogrim
2022
ARNOLD SOOGRIM
BROAD TOPICS
Section A –
Answer ALL questions.
1. Roles of The Family
2. Social Issues that Influence Caribbean Family Life
3. Cultural Diversity
4. Cohesion in Groups and Institutions
5. Functions of Institutions
6. Factors that Influence Voter Participation
ROLES OF THE FAMILY
ROLES
The mother's principal role is to take care of the children and be the primary
nurturer in the family. She is also the primary caretaker of the home.
Children are required to be obedient, respectful, and submissive to their parents.
Girls are expected to help with domestic chores around the house, whereas boys
are expected to do activities outside the house, such as taking care of the yard and
running errands.
The principal role of children is to bring honour to their families by their
achievements, good behavior, and contribution to the family's well-being. As
such, characteristics such as obedience, conformity, generational interdependence,
obligation, and shame are highly valued. Children are seen as parents' pride and
the products of their hard work
FACTORS INFLEUNCING CHANGING
ROLES OF WOMEN
GREATER RECOGNITION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN
NO LONGER BEING REGARDED AS SUBORDINATE BY MEN.
RIGHT TO EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES AND EQUAL PAY LIKE MEN.
EGALITARIAN RELATIONSHIPS
GENDER ROLES BE SHARED
EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
FACTORS INFLEUNCING CHANGING
ROLES
GREATER CHOICE OF NO LONGER CONFINED TO THE
EMPLOYMENT FOR WOMEN FAMILY
TRADITIONAL MALE JOBS ARE
NOW OPEN TO FEMALE AND VICE
VERSA
SHARING THE ROLE OF
BREADWINNER WITH SPOUSE
GREATER SHARING OF OTHER
ROLES
TRADITIONAL ROLE OF MEN
DISCIPLINARIAN
BREADWINNER
DECISION MAKER
ROLE OF GRANDPARENTS
Grandparents
1. Settling disputes among family members
2. Assists parents in rearing children.
3. Babysitting to allow parents to work or attend functions or other events.
Transmission of culture
It is through the family that we gain an identity and continuity with the past: a
name, physical characteristics, a "place' in the community
ROLES OF THE FAMILY CONT‘D
Children
1. Brother, sister, son, daughter,
, and a reference point against which we are
measured or can measure others. There are
'good' families offering support, comfort, and
'bad' families where the weak, are usually or
may be abused by the strong. Whatever its
quality, the family and its function is influenced
by the choices and experiences of its members
throughout their life course.
4. Student
Father
1. Husband, brother, son
2. To earn an income to satisfy the economic needs of the family
3. To love and cherish his spouse
4. To help in the socializing of the children and to provide them with food, shelter, clothing and emotional support.
5. Traditionally the disciplinarian and the breadwinner.
6. Provides security, he is the rock of the family
Mother
Wife, sister, daughter
1. To love and cherish her spouse.
2. Traditionally the caregiver and is responsible for the nurturing of her children.
3. To socialize the children and to provide them with food, shelter, clothing and emotional support.
4. To earn an income to satisfy the economic needs of the family.
PAST PAPER QUESTION
Question: State two things a father can do in the home, apart from being the
breadwinner providing money.
Answer: Fathers can help to prepare children for school in the mornings. They
can also help with the cleaning of the house and improving and maintaining it.
Fathers can also help with the shopping, washing and feeding of the children.
They can attend games children are involved in and also attend the parent-teacher
association meetings.
Question: What are TWO traditional attitudes/ideas regarding
the role of women?
Answer: Women traditionally looked after the children by
doing most of the nurturing and caring and also looking after
the home and its environs. This was possible because they did
not work outside of the home.
PAST PAPER QUESTIONS
1. Sam lives with his parents, sister and grandmother .His mother who used to be a housekeeper is now
an accountant .His father who is a land surveyor now does a share of the household chores. Each
member has an important role.
Identify the family type to which Sam belongs. (1 mark)
The extended family
2. State ONE likely role of the grandmother in the family.(1 mark)
To assist parents in the upbringing of the children. She will contribute to the social , emotional and
economic development of the child.
Assist in solving marital problems
Sometimes act as babysitters in the absence of parents
Pass on traditions of family and society
Family past paper
1.B State TWO factors that may have caused the mother’s role to change in this
household.(2 marks)
Increased Educational opportunities
Occupational opportunities-greater choice of employment for women
To assist in meeting family expenses.(to supplement her spouse’s income.)
Greater recognition of the rights of women/status of women in society (equality)
Stereotyping of women’s role as house-keeper has also changed
FAMILY PAST PAPER
1.C Give TWO reasons why Sam’s father may think that his traditional role in the
family is changing. (4 marks)
Marginalization of the male
The traditional role of Sam’s father was to be the only sole breadwinner and main
supply of income in the household ;whereas now he isn’t the only breadwinner in
the household; Sam’s mother is also the breadwinner in the household.
Sam’s father is now involved in household chores which traditionally are seen as
women’s work.
Family past papers
1D1. Suggest, giving full details , THREE actions parents may take to deal with
any negative effect of the changing roles of family members(6 marks)
1D11. Explain fully why EACH strategy suggested in (d) (1) above, is likely to be
successful. (6 marks)
Strategy 1: The family may sessions/meetings where they sit together and fully
discuss all the effects of the changes and various solutions to any conflict that may
have arisen.
Justification : This strategy would work as all members of the family would get an
opportunity to give their personal views and opinions and formulate many
solutions to the conflict.
SOLUTIONS CONT’D
Strategy 2: Discussions can be done by parents to talk about their likes and
dislikes about the changing roles. Parents can set aside some time to communicate
with each other regarding the roles and what responsibilities they hold in the
family.
Justification: Effective communication can resolve problems within the family.
When both the mother and father are aware of each other’s issues better action can
be taken to fix them.
APPLICATION & PROBLEM SOLVING
Social Issues is a condition that undermines the well being of some members of
society.
It is a matter of public concern.
Is relative- from society to society or person to person
Can be dysfunctional –at the micro level it affects family life making society
unstable
SOCIAL ISSUES
INCEST
CARE & CONCERN FOR THE AGED & DISABLED
TEENAGE PREGNANCY
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
STREET CHILDREN
ABORTION
SUICIDE
DRUG TRAFFICKING
ALTERNATIVE LIFESTYLES
POVERTY
TRAFFICKING PERSONS
DESERTION
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
3. CULTURAL DIVERSITY
AMERINDIANS
EUROPEANS
AFRICANS
ASIANS
SURVIVAL OF CULTURAL
PRACTICES
CULTURAL PRACTICES HAVE SURVIVED BECAUSE THE VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS
ARE
PROUD OF THEIR CULTURAL TRADITIONS AND THEY WANT TO PRESERVE THEM.
THEY WANT TO RETAIN THEIR CULTURAL IDENTITY IN A MULTI CULTURAL
SOCIETY.
HAVE DEVELOPED CONFIDENCE IN THEIR CULTURAL PRACTICES BECAUSE THEY
HAVE WORKED WELL FOR THEM
ARE TAUGHT THEIR CULTURAL TRADITIONS BY THEIR RELIGIOUS AND
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.
GET SUPPORT FROM GOVT’S AND THE LOCAL MASS MEDIA IN PROMOTING
LOCAL CULTURAL SHOWS AND MASS MEDIA
HAVE PASSED ON THEIR CULTURAL PRACTICES TO THE NEW GENERATIONS
DURING THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS.
HOW CAN GOVERNMENT ASSIST IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF ONE NAMED CULTURAL GROUP?
(b) Describe ONE way in which formal groups control the behaviour of
members. (2 marks)
There is written rules for expected behaviours
There are formal penalties/ sanctions for breaking rules
There is usually a uniform
There is a hierarchical structure in terms of leadership.
(c) State TWO reasons why formal groups tend to have a longer life span than
informal groups. (4 marks)
It is more organised
It was formed to meet an objective which all members have in common
There are rules and regulations governing its workings
They tend to be more formal, with accompanying rituals etc
They usually have marks if identity which ensures members recognise other
members and creates a united sense of identity
GROUPS COHESION
(i) Suggest, giving full details, THREE strategies which the leader of your school’s Cultural
Club may use to keep members together as a group. (6 marks)
Have meetings with members on a monthly basis, where the activities of different groups are
discussed and achievements are highlighted to further motivate members and remind members
of the objectives of the group
Ensure the rules are known to all members, e.g. in a handbook, and are adhered to and there is
no favouritism when members break the rules
Have smaller meetings with members on a monthly basis, to touch base with how they are
doing and to hear their concerns and their progress as well as to answer any questions they may
have about the functioning of the group
(ii) Explain fully why EACH strategy
suggested in (d)(i) above, is likely to be
successful. (6 marks
This will work because members will be reminded of why they participate in the
group as well as are show the accomplishments of their actions which will
motivate them to continue participating
Members will understand the expected behaviours of the group and are less likely
to break the rules when they know they are being enforced. Avoiding favouritism
will all decrease resentment and conflict within the group
Members will be able to express any concerns they have and reach mutually
desirable results out of the discussions as well as gain insights into how the group
is doing. This will make them feel valued as members of the group.
INSTITUTIONS
Institutions in society
An institution is a formalised group established with a definite organisation, identified with a social purpose and
permanence, transcending individual lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules. Types of
institutions include educational, religious, recreational, family, health, economic and political establishments. An
institution may further be defined as:
an organisation founded and united for a specific purpose.
an establishment consisting of a building or complex of buildings where an organisation for the promotion of some
cause is situated.
a custom that, for a long time, has been an important feature of a group or society, such as the institution of marriage,
saying grace before a meal and the institution of slavery.
Institutions can, therefore, be structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behaviour of
individuals. It is, therefore, clearly obvious that institutions are identified with a social purpose and permanence,
transcending individual human lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules governing cooperative
human behaviour. From the definitions above, the term institution is commonly applied to customs and behaviour
patterns important to a society, as well as to particular formal organisations of government and public service.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
INSTITUTIONS
they satisfy basic and specific needs of a society
they have an established structure of hierarchy
new members are socialised on entry to the institution
they develop their own unique rituals and practices
they endure over generations
they impose sanctions on members and also non-members through their body of
rules, which defines behaviour of its members and regulations for new and non-
members.
Educational Institutions
Educational institution
An educational institution is dedicated to education: that is, the imparting and acquiring
of knowledge through teaching and learning, especially at a school or similar institution.
Institution, establishment - an organisation founded and united for a specific purpose
Preschool - an educational institution for children too young for elementary school.
School - an educational institution's faculty and students.
College - an institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees, etc.
University - a large and diverse institution of higher learning created to educate for life
and for a profession, and to grant degrees in particular areas
FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION
Religion may be seen as a belief system. This system may affect values, laws, customs, rites and
general behaviour patterns. Religion may affect the individual, group, community or nation.
to explain to the people in that society their primal origins, the nature of life, the function and aims
of life and reasons for living.
to answer the question "why am I here?"
to provide identity for individuals.
as a control mechanism, a way of achieving order, of delegating roles and responsibilities. The Ten
Commandments given to Moses are a set of behavioural rules that would bring order and harmony
to the society that would allow the society to function in an organised and systematic manner.
to dictate a set of acceptable standards, and those who wish to remain in that society must adhere to
those standards.
to promote social change and encourage social justice.
to provide consolation, reconciliation and relief from anxiety and guilt.
FACTORS THAT INFLEUNCE VOTER
PARTICIPATION IN ELECTIONS
CAMPAIGN ISSUES
CANDIDATES
VOTER ATTITUDES TOWARDS GOVERNMENT
VOTER LOYALTY TO POLITICAL PARTIES
VOTER APATHY
EDUCATION
AGE
INCOME
G E
A N
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Cthe e T G
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LOCATION & USE OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
Physical Resources
Dfn: All of the things that exist in the world around us that may be used by man to continue his survival and ensure his comfort.
They include renewable and non-renewable resources.
Renewable Resources: Agricultural land, water, forests, beaches, marine life, solar energy, wind.
Non-renewable Resources: petroleum, bauxite, gold, diamonds, other minerals, geothermal energy.
Mineral Resources in the Caribbean:
Barbados: Petroleum, limestone
Guyana: bauxite, diamonds, gold
Jamaica: bauxite, gypsum, limestone
Trinidad and Tobago: Petroleum, natural gas, asphalt, limestone, gypsum
Hindrances to the development of physical resources in the Caribbean:
Lack of capital/money to develop the resources
Lack of trained/skilled/literate employees
Small size of the islands that mean that they cannot take advantage of economies of scale
Guyana: sugarcane, rice
LOCATION & USE OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
Industry: Mining, building of industrial estates
Transport: construction of roads
Hotels and malls
Government buildings, schools, etc.
Agricultural products in the Caribbean:
Belize: sugarcane, citrus, rice, coconuts
Grenada: banana, cocoa, spices
Barbados: sugarcane, ground provisions
Trinidad and Tobago: citrus, ground provisions, coffee, cocoa
Jamaica: sugarcane, bananas, spices
Physical Resources Past Paper
Name FOUR (4) resources that produce energy for the industries in the Caribbean
(4 marks)
Crude oil
Natural gas
Sunlight
Wind
Bio-mass
Water
Identify TWO sectors in the economy that
use the energy from these resources(4
marks)
Tourism
Agricultural
Tourism
Housing
Transportation
Fishing
Manufacturing
Give THREE (3) reasons why energy is
expensive to produce from the resources
available in the Caribbean 6
.
The necessary funds are not available for investment from local sources . The cost
of borrowing is high.
Foreign investments in energy sector are risky, and capital cost is high.
Equipment required for expiration (fossil fuels), or construction (solar) wind
turbines is costly to import.
Some of the technical expertise needed is imported and is costly
Energy Question cont’d
Suggest TWO measures that your government may introduce to help reduce the
cost of the energy to the consumer. State Why this measure will help.
Instituting a subsidy system to reduce cost to consumer.
Reducing the quality of energy produced in oil peak hours.
Planning educational programmes aimed at sensitising citizens about conservation
practices.
Reducing wastage in energy through a system of penalties
Producing cheaper , reliable , user and environmentally friendly alternatives.
STAGES IN THE INTEGRATION
MOVEMENT
1. WEST INDIES FEDERATION
2. CARIBBEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION(CARIFTA)
3. CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY(CARICOM)
4. ORGANIZATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES (OECS)
5. ASSOCIATION OF CARIBBEAN STATES(ACS)
6. CARICOM SINGLE MARKET AND ECONOMY(CSME)
TIME LINE OF INTEGRATION
MOVEMENT
WEST INDIES FEDERATION
CARIFTA
CARICOM
OECS
ACS
CSME
CARICOM
OECS CARICOM
Treaty of Basseterre Treaty of Chaguaramas
The authority of Heads of Government The Conference of Heads of Government
Functional Cooperation Functional cooperation
Common market Common market
Economic Integration Economic Integration
The harmonization of foreign policy The harmonization of foreign policy
A grouping within Caricom Community Council of Ministers
REGIONAL INTEGRATION (MAY
2014)
Regional Integration : The Experiences of the Organization of Eastern
Caribbean States (OECS)
Write an essay on the above topic. Begin your essay by stating TWO
objectives of the OECS. Next, describe TWO similarities that promote
cooperation among the member countries of the OECS. Give ONE reason
difficulties may arise in pursuing integration among OECS member
countries. Suggest ,giving full details, THREE strategies that OECS Heads
of Government may use to educate citizens about the benefits of cooperation
among the countries. Explain fully why EACH strategy is likely to be
successful. (20 marks )
SUGGESTION : It is an essay , however the key is to break it down in parts
using paragraphs.
DESCRIBE TWO SIMILARITIES THAT PROMOTE
COOPERATION AMONG THE MEMBER COUNTRIES OF
THE OECS (4 MARKS)
Common cultural heritage –which the people share make it possible for them to
embrace common values and goals.
Vulnerability to natural disasters
Close proximity to each other
The countries have a common language –English – this facilitates easy
communication among members
GIVE ONE REASON DIFFICULTIES MAY ARISE IN
PURSUING INTEGRATION AMONG OECS MEMBER
COUNTRIES. (2 MARKS)
1. Individual countries give priority to their own development rather than to the
development of the region as a whole.
2. The countries produce many similar products and this encourages competition
among them.
3. Territorial interests may supersede regional interests.
4. Competition from investments from developed countries.
5. Some consumers have a preference for goods produced extra-regionally at the
expense of those produced by the member states.
SUGGEST ,GIVING FULL DETAILS, THREE STRATEGIES THAT OECS
HEADS OF GOVERNMENT MAY USE TO EDUCATE CITIZENS ABOUT
THE BENEFITS OF COOPERATION AMONG COUNTRIES (6 MARKS)
.
STRATEGY 1
Expose improper conduct in government and businesses and the wider society
through investigative reporting
Act as a mirror of the society by reflecting the best warning against the worst
values of the society through editorials and articles
Provide information about the products and services available
Provide opportunities for the average citizen to express his or her opinions, for
example through letter to the editor, radio, and call in programmes.
Training schools for journalists
COMMUNICATION