Prepared by: Shweta Pandey Gaurang Basarkar

Contents
y y y y y y y y y y y

What is Cloud Computing History of Cloud Computing Key Characteristics Layers and Architecture Nature of Cloud Computing Benefits of Cloud Computing Goals of Cloud Computing Types of Visibility Types of Services Further Research Aspects Opportunities and Challenges

Cloud Computing

y Cloud computing is Internet- ("cloud-") based

development and use of computer technology ("computing").

y Providers deliver common business applications online which are accessed from a web browser, while the software and data are stored on servers. y These applications are broadly divided into the following categories:
Software as a Service (SaaS) Utility Computing, Web Services Platform as a Service (PaaS) Managed Service Providers (MSP) Service Commerce Internet Integration.

Essential characteristics
The NIST definition describes five essential characteristics of cloud computing: Rapid Elasticity Measured Service On-Demand Self Service Ubiquitous Network Access Location Independent Resource Pooling

History of Cloud Computing

Upto 1990 s Data circuits were hard-wired between destination After some period of time long-haul telephone companies began offering Virtual Private Network(VPN). Dates back to 1960 s John McCarthy opined that computation may someday be organized as public utility .

In 1997 s The first academic definition was provided by Ramnath K. Chellappa who called it a Computing will be determined by economic rationale rather than technical limits. In 1990 Loud Cloud founded by Marc Andreessen was one of the first to attempt to commercialize with an infrastructure as a Service model. By the turn of the 21st century the term Cloud Computing began to appear more widely .

In the early 2000s, Microsoft extended the concept of SaaS through the development of web services.

y Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud

computing by modernizing their data centers after the dot-com bubble, which, like most computer networks, were using as little as 10% of their capacity at any one time just to leave room for occasional spikes.

Layers

y Clients:
For example: + Mobile (Linux based - Palm Pre-WebOS Linux Kernel, Android-Linux Kernel, iPhoneDarwin Kernel, Microsoft based - Windows Mobile) + Thin client (CherryPal, Wyse, Zonbu, gOS-based systems) + Thick client / Web browser (Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, WebKit)

y Application:
+ + +

For example: Peer-to-peer / volunteer computing (BOINC, Skype) Web applications (Webmail, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Yammer) Security as a service (MessageLabs, Purewire, ScanSafe, Zscaler) For example: Services y Identity (OAuth, OpenID) y Payments (Amazon Flexible Payments Service, Google Checkout, PayPal) y Search (Alexa, Google Custom Search, Yahoo! BOSS) y Real-world (Amazon Mechanical Turk)

y Platform:
y

y Solution stacks
y Java (Google App Engine) y PHP (Rackspace Cloud Sites) y Python Django (Google App Engine) y Ruby on Rails (Engine Yard, Heroku) y ColdFusion (Adobe) y .NET (Azure Services Platform, Rackspace Cloud Sites) y Proprietary (Force.com, WorkXpress, Wolf Frameworks)

y Storage [Structured]
y Databases (Amazon SimpleDB, BigTable) y File storage (Centerra Blades,Amazon S3, Nirvanix, Rackspace Cloud Files) y Queues (Amazon SQS)

y Infrastructure:
For example:
y

y y

Compute (Amazon CloudWatch, RightScale) y Physical machines y Virtual machines (Amazon EC2, GoGrid, iland, Rackspace Cloud Servers) y OS-level virtualisation Network (Amazon VPC) Storage [Raw] (Amazon EBS)

y Servers:
For example:
y

Fabric computing (Cisco UCS)

Cloud computing architecture

Three-Layer Cloud Architecture

y Top layer (application layer):

Top layer applications delivered on demand in the software-as-a service (SaaS) model. y Middle layer (platform layer): Middleware providing application services and a platform-as-a-service (PaaS) runtime environment for cloud applications. y Bottom layer (infrastructure layer): A flexible infrastructure of distributed data center services connected via Internet Style Networking.

EXAMPLE PRODUCTS FOR EACH LAYER

The Nature of Cloud Computing

y Building on established trends y Virtual machines as the standard deployment

object y The on-demand, self-service, pay-by-use model y Infrastructure is programmable y Applications are composed and are built to be composable

Example Web application deployment

Deployment Models
y IT organizations can choose to deploy applications on public, private, or

hybrid clouds, each of which has its trade-offs. The terms public, private, and hybrid do not dictate location. While public clouds are typically out there on the Internet and private clouds are typically located on premises, a private cloud might be hosted at a collocation facility as well.
y Companies may make a number of considerations with regard to which

cloud computing model they choose to employ, and they might use more than one model to solve different problems. An application needed on a temporary basis might be best suited for deployment in a public cloud because it helps to avoid the need to purchase additional equipment to solve a temporary need. Likewise, a permanent application, or one that has specific requirements on quality of service or location of data, might best be deployed in a private or hybrid cloud.

Public Cloud
Public

Enterprise

Private Cloud
Private

Enterprise

Hybrid Cloud

Goals of Cloud Computing

y Scalability y Availability y Reliability y Security y Flexibility and agility y Serviceability y Efficiency

Types of Visibility

Types of Services
y Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
Amazon Web Services provides virtual servers with unique IP addresses and blocks of storage on demand. Customers benefit from an API from which they can control their servers. Because customers can pay for exactly the amount of service they use, like for electricity or water, this service is also called utility computing.

y Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
a set of software and development tools hosted on the provider's servers. Developers can create applications using the provider's APIs. Google Apps is one of the most famous Platform-as-a-Service providers. Developers should take notice that there aren't any interoperability standards (yet), so some providers may not allow you to take your application and put it on another platform.

y Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is the broadest market. In this case the provider allows the customer only to use its applications. The software interacts with the user through a user interface. These applications can be anything from web based email, to applications like Twitter or Last.fm.

y Cloud Service Level Agreements (SLAS)

Most subscribers of a cloud service may feel as though they are getting into an arrangement where it appears as though vendors create the SLAs for their own protection against litigation, with minimal assurances to a tenant.  IT managers can focus on the following SLA tips with a vendor: y Data Protection: where there is a clear definition as to who will have access to the data and the levels of protection in effect for their data. y Continuity: one has to consider what happens in the event of an outage or another related event that causes data to become unavailable. y Costs: on cost to consider are: How is the vendor's fee structured and are taxes and external fees accounted for in a vendor quote? Will there be or are there current licensing fees above and beyond stated vendor service fees? Will there be any hidden or add-on costs for vendor support? How does the vendor structure their charges? Is it based upon usage, traffic or storage limit Does the vendor offer price protection?

Further Research Aspects

y Cloud computing software platform

As cloud computing software platform is the heart of a cloud computing system, it will require considerable further research. y Collaboration applications Such means of collaboration as chat, instant messaging, Internet phone calling, etc. will be added to various popular applications. y Application and data integration across clouds The research on these subjects can leverage the available EAI, EII, and ESB technologies. y Continuing work on multimedia transmission and data mining Transmitting the bulky multimedia data across the network will continue to be a challenge, and it needs further research to speed up cloud computing. Further, as more data gets pushed to the clouds, including user-created data, the need to analyze such data to derive business-useful knowledge will increase. The data mining and machine learning communities will need to address this need.

y Service Management As the clouds proliferate and the users start plugging into multiple clouds, the problems of discovering and composing services that have been subjects of research in the service oriented architecture context will need to be revisited in the cloud computing context.

OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

Opportunities: y The traditional IT model requires business users to make a frontloaded investment in software and hardware as well as a life-cycle investment in professional staff to maintain servers and upgrade software. IT services in the cloud shift much of this expense to a pay-asyou-go model and so offer significant cost advantages. y Using cloud infrastructure services, companies can redirect resources to more long-term strategic business development. Cloud-based software and services subscriptions can handle security, archiving, and business continuity. y Early cloud computing offerings, such as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) appealed primarily to the consumer and small-medium business (SMB) space, where the benefits of not having to establish an IT infrastructure let alone one that scales on demand far outweigh any shortcomings.

y Challenges: y ITaaS is a highly disruptive concept for enterprise users, who have less to gain

and more to lose by outsourcing IT. Cloud service providers trying to serve this space must implement enterprise-class capabilities at multiple levels both in the network and at the end points. Key business and technical challenges include cost, security, performance, business resiliency, interoperability, and data migration. analysis, and business leaders all want to assess its potential markets and business impact. According to IDC, a market research firm that recently surveyed IT executives, CIOs, and other business leaders, IT spending on cloud services will reach US$42 billion by 2012. However, as with any disruptive technology and transitional business model, there is no definitive assessment of cloud computing s market opportunity. We believe its long-term business impact could be even larger.

y Cloud computing is still in early development. Market researchers, financial