Consistency of Linear System of Equations
Consistency of Linear System of Equations
Consistency of Linear System of Equations
EQUATIONS
Consider the system of n equations
a11x1+ a12x2+……..+ a1nxn = k1
a21x1+ a22x2+……..+ a2nxn = k2
. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
am1x1+ am2x2+……..+ amnxn = km
Containing the n unknowns x1, x2, ……..,xn . To determine whether the given
system of equations are consistent (i.e., possess a solution ) or not, we consider
the ranks of the coefficient matrix, A and the augmented matrix, K based on
these ranks we can decide the consistency.
Procedure for consistency of a system of Non-Homogeneous
Linear equations
1 1 1 x 2
=
1 2 3 y 5
2 3 4 z 11
Now, subtract R2 from R3 to get the new elements of R3, i.e. R3 → R3 – R2.
Here, rank(A) = 2 and rank(K) = 3. There rank (A) ≠ rank (K). Hence the system is inconsistent.
i.e., x – z = -1, y + 2z = 3, 0=4
That means, there is no solution for the given system of equations.
Example -2
Determine the solution of the following system of equations
x−y+z=8, 2x+3y−z= -2, 3x−2y−9z=9
Solution: Express the system in the form A X = B
1 1 1 x 8
2 3 = 1 y 2
3 2 9 z 9
Augmented matrix is
1 1 1 8
2 3 1 2
3 2 9 9
1 1 1 8
Let us make an operation R2 → −2R1+R2, we get 0 5 3 18
3 2 9 9
Consider R3 → −3R1+R3
1 1 1 8
0 5 3 18
0 1 12 15
Consider the operations
1 1 1 8
0 1 12 15
Interchange R2 and R3 0 5 3 18
R3 → −5R2+R3
1 1 1 8
0 1 12 15
0 0 57 57
Perform R3 → 57/R3
1 1 1 8
0 1 12 15
0 0 1 1
From the above matrix we get the new system of equations
x − y + z = 8, y −12z = -15, z=1
Solving the above equations we get the solution
x = 4, y = -3 and z =1
Example-3
Carolyn invests a total of $12,000 in two municipal bonds, one paying 10.5 interest and the other
paying 12 interest. The annual interest earned on the two investments last year was $1,335. How
much was invested at each rate?
Solution:
Let x be the amount invested at 10.5 interest, and y be the amount invested at 12 interest.
We have a system of two equations in two variables from the given data.
x + y = 12,000 and 0.105x + 0.12y = 1,335
1 =1 x 12000
0 .105 0.12 y 1335
Consider the augmented matrix
1 1apply
12000R2
→ -0.105R1+R2 1 1 12000
0.105 0.12 1335 0 0.015 75
Ava invests a total of $10,000 in three accounts, one paying 5 interest, another paying 8 interest, and
the third paying 9 interest. The annual interest earned on the three investments last year was $770.
The amount invested at 9 was twice the amount invested at 5. How much was invested at each rate?
Solution:
Let x be the amount invested at 5 interest, let y be the amount invested at 8 interest, and
let z be the amount invested at 9 interest. Thus, we have three equations in three
variables
x + y + z = 10,000, 0.05x + 0.08y + 0.09z = 770, 2x–z=0
Augmented matrix is 1 1 1 10000
. 05 . 08 . 09 770
2 0 1 0
Perform the operations 1 1 1 10000
1 1 1 10000
0 .03 .04 270
R2→ -0.05 R1+R2 R3→ - R1+R3
0 .03 .04 270 0 2 3 20,000
2 0 1
0
1 1 1 10000 1 1 1 10000
0 1 4 / 3 9,000 0 1 4/3 9,000
R2→ R2 / 0.03 0 2
R3→ 20,000
3 2R2+R3 0 0 1 / 3 2,000
From this matrix the new system of equations are x + y + z = 10,000, y + (4/3) z = 9,000 and
(-1/3) z = -2,000
By solving the above equations we get x = 3,000, y = 1,000 and z = 6, 000
2. Determine the solution of the equations 5x+3y+9z = -2, −2x+3y−z = -1, −x−4y+5z=1
4. Every day, a cupcake store sells 5,000 cupcakes in chocolate and vanilla flavors. If the chocolate flavor is 3 times as popular as the vanilla flavor, how
many of each cupcake sell per day?
5. A bag of mixed nuts contains cashews, pistachios, and almonds. There are 1,000 total nuts in the bag, and there are 100 less almonds than pistachios.
The cashews weigh 3 g, pistachios weigh 4 g, and almonds weigh 5 g. If the bag weighs 3.7 kg, find out how many of each type of nut is in the bag.
6. The cost of a ticket to the circus is $25.00 for children and $50.00 for adults. On a certain day, attendance at the circus is 2,000 and the total gate
revenue is $70,000. Evaluate the mathematical formation for finding how many children and how many adults bought tickets?
Home work and Assignment Problems
7. Ace Novelty wishes to produce three types of souvenirs: types A, B, and C. To
manufacture a type-A souvenir requires 1 minutes on machine I, 2 minute on machine II,
and 3 minutes on machine III. A type-B souvenir requires 2 minute on machine I, 3 minutes
on machine II, and 4 minute on machine III. A type-C souvenir requires 3 minute on
machine I and 4 minutes on machines II and 1 minute on machine III. There are 14 min
available on machine I, 20 min available on machine II, and 14 min available on machine
III for processing the order. How many souvenirs of each type should Ace Novelty make in
order to use all of the available time, write the mathematical formulation to the problem.
8. Ram, Raj, and Ravi go to a restaurant for lunch and order three different items. Ram
orders 2 plates of fried rice, 3 plates of chicken pieces and 1-plate of curd rice. Raj orders 1
plate of fried rice, 2 plates of chicken pieces and 3 plates of curd rice. Ravi orders 3 plates
of fried rice, 1 plate of chicken pieces and 2 plates of curd rice. Ram’s bill costs $9, Raj’s
costs $6, and Ravi’s costs $8. Determine plate cost of each item, write the mathematical
formulation.
Home work and Assignment Problems
9. The Johnson Farm has 500 acres of land allotted for cultivating corn and wheat. The cost
of cultivating corn and wheat (including seeds and labor) is $42 and $30 per acre,
respectively. Jacob Johnson has $18,600 available for cultivating these crops. If he wishes to
use all the allotted land and his entire budget for cultivating these two crops, how many acres
of each crop should he plant?
10. Anne is trying to choose between two phone plans. The first plan, with Vendafone, costs
$20 per month, with calls costing an additional 25 cents per minute. The second company,
Sellnet, charges $40 per month, but calls cost only 8 cents per minute. Which should she
choose?