Construction and material-v

Reinforced brickwork
GROUP NO.-3

GROUP MEMBERS- SUBMITTED TO-

• KHUSHI VERMA • ABDUR RAHMAN KHAN PROF. TAUSEEF RAHI

• HIMANSHU TEWARI • ANAS KHAN PROF. MOHD. SAHABAT
• AROOBA SALMAN • ASHISH RAJ
• MUSKAN JAISWAL • DHRUV MATHUR
• ANURAG AGARWAL • SUKRATI MISHRA
• AMIT GAUTAM • KRITI MITTAL
• AGRIM JAIN
Brick Masonry

• Most of the times, brick columns are strengthened with bars to

increase their compressive load-carrying capacity and are grouped
into reinforced brick lintels, reinforced brick columns, reinforced brick
walls, and reinforced brick slabs.
 QUALITIES
• REINFORCED BRICK WORK USES

CEMENT

FIRST CLASS BRICK

REINFORCEMENT
FIRST CLASS BRICK
• well burnt table moulded brick
• uniform in colour
• uniform length and widex sharp
well defined edges
• Smooth surface without having
any
Flaws
Cracks
Stone grits
FIRST CLASS BRICK
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE
Preparation of earth
1. Moulding
2. Drying
3. Burning
CEMENT MORTAR
This term is used to indicate a paste
prepared by adding required quantity
of water to a mixture of
• matrix like cement
• adulterant like sand.
The combined effect of the two
components of mortar is that the mass
is able to bind the bricks or stones
firmly.
CEMENT MORTAR
cement mortar uses in R.B.W. has HIGH DENSITY.
it holds reinforced at desired position
cement:sand ratio:
1:3 (MOST COMMON)
1:4
BINDING MATERIAL
OPC (ordinary Portland Cement)
PPC (Portland Pozzuolana Cement)
SRC (Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement)
 Low Heat Portland Cement
 Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
REINFORCEMENT
PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCEMENTS
 tension occurs when bending forces act on structural elements such as
Beam
Cantilevers
 steel is excellent in resisting tension and can be incorporated into
brickwork as reinforcement
 steel must be located in the masonry where tension is occur typically at
the bottom of a horizontal beam and at the top of a horizontal
cantilever.
WROUGHT IRON FLAT BARS
• Two strips of hoop iron are used per
header brick
• One hoop iron per stretcher brick
• steel flats may also be used in place of
hoop iron
• Its usual to reinforce every sixth course
STEEL MESS
• steel mess also known as EXMET
• made from rolled steel plates
• its expanded by machine and is
known as expanded EXMET
• Provided at every third course
• Available in width of 230 to 305mm
with thickness of 0.6mm, 0.8mm and
1mm Supplied in coils of 83m length
t.

Reinforced Brick Lintels:

In this type, longitudinal reinforcement consists of bars of 6-12 mm diameter, while vertical
stirrups are 6 mm in diameter. The vertical stirrups are placed at every third point.
Reinforced Brick Columns:
• For this construction, a special type of bricks are used which have grooves for vertical
reinforcement and by reinforcing the load-carrying capacity of the column is increased.
• At every fourth course, they are provided with horizontal steel plates of 6 mm thickness
and vertical steel bars are used in the foundation concrete blocks.
Reinforced Brick Wall:

• Walls that are prone to tensile forces are needed to be reinforced,

and both horizontal and vertical reinforcement is required.

• Horizontal reinforcement is provided at every third or fourth course,

consists of steel mesh spread flat on the cement mortar and
pressed uniformly.

• These flats are dipped in molten tar to increase their resistance

against rusting. Generally, one strip is provided for every thickness
of half a brick, and at the ends, the bars are beaten flat, and at the
junction, the bars crossing each other are interlaced.

• Vertical reinforcement is provided by using special bricks that have

grooves to pass the bars.

• Mild steel bars of 6 mm diameter is used and are tied at suitable

intervals with fine wires.
 Reinforced Brick Slab:
• If bricks are to be used for the construction of slab,
they should be reinforced with steel, and for that, a
wooden platform is built, which is covered with well-
beaten earth.
• After, fine sand is sprinkled over which mortar layer is
spread, and special bricks with grooves are then laid
in one or two courses.
• The joints are filled with mortar, and the slab is cured
for three to four weeks.
• The top and bottom surfaces are suitably finished to
complete the process
MIXING OF MORTAR

• Mortar of cement and fine aggregate shall be

thoroughly mixed in the proportion of 1:3.

• First, we have to mix it dry and then by adding water

slowly and gradually and mixing by turning at least
three times to get a uniform plastic mix of workable
consistency so that the mortar can be packed around
the reinforcement.

• The quantity of water shall not exceed 25 ltr/bag of

cement.

• Mortar shall be mixed just before it is actually required

to be put in use and shall be used within 30 minutes.

• Stale or hardened mortar shall never be used.

LAYING
• All bricks must have to be thoroughly soaked with
water for not less than six hours before use.

• Brick shall be laid with frogs portion downward

over the centering in a straight line parallel to the
direction of the reinforcement bars leaving the
required gap for the mortar joint.

• It should be kept in mind that no vertical joint Laying in wall

should come along the inner edge of the wall.

• The gap provided for the mortar joint in which

reinforcement has to be placed shall not be less than
four times the diameter of the bar, so as to provide a
cover of 12 mm on all sides of the provided steel
bars.

• Generally mortar joint shall be 32 mm to 40 mm.

Laying in slab
 CURING OF R.B.W.
The act of maintaining controlled conditions for freshly brick work for some
definite period following the placing and finishing operations to assure the
proper hydration of cement and proper hardening of brick work.
 Methods of Curing:
 Retaining formwork
 Shading of brick work
 Covering of surfaces with cotton mats
 Continuous sprinklings of exposed surfaces
 Ponding method
 Membrane curing
 Steam curing
 Electrical method of curing
• RETAINING FORMWORK:
 useful for curing vertical surfaces of structural elements.
 Useful in cold countries.
 Not sufficient for hot countries because formwork can only preserve the moisture inside the brick work, but cannot prevent
evaporation.
• SHADING OF R.B.W. :
Essential in dry weather.
objective of shading to prevent the evaporation of water.
Also protects the surface from rain.
Limited application.
• COVERING SURFACES WITH WET MATERIAL :
Most widely used.
• CONTINUOUS SPRINKLINGS OF EXPOSED SURFACES:
• PONDING METHOD:
Most efficient method of curing. suitable for construction of arches, roof slabs, lintel etc.
• MEMBRANE CURING:
Membrane serves as a physical barrier to prevent loss of moisture from the brick work to be cured.
• STEAM CURING:
It leads to increase rate of strength development.
• ELECTRICAL METHOD OF CURING:
By passing alternate current of low voltage.
Water Cement Ratio

• The ratio of the amount of water to the amount of cement

by weight is termed as water cement ratio.
• Normally water cement ratio falls under 0.4 to 0.6
• The water cement ratio should be such that it should be able
to impart reasonable degree of workability as excess water
affect the strength and durability of brick mortar.
• Use of higher water cement ratio may cause volume
change ,cracks and disintegration.
Cement Mortar
•This term is used to indicate a paste
prepared by adding recquired
quantity of water to mixture of
matrix like cement and adulterant
like sand.
•The combined effect of the two
components is that the mass is able
to bind the bricks or stones firmly
•Cement mortar composite has wide
application in masonry work,
plastering, repairing damaged
concrete, patching or filling,
rendering, floor leveling, and the
development of precast products.
Uses of Cement Mortar
Properties of Cement Mortar  
• It should be easily workable.
• It should develop adequate strength in tension,
compression, and bond for the work.
• It should be durable.
• It should not affect the durability of other materials.
•It should be set quickly so that the speed of
construction is ensure

• To bind masonry units like stone, bricks, blocks, cement

• For Plastering on walls and slabs to make them impervious.
• To fill cracks and joints in the wall.
• Use of cement mortar gives a neat finishing work to wall and concrete
work.
• For pointing the joints of masonry.
• For preparing the building blocks.
Qualities, sukriti

6?
WHAT IS WORKABILITY?
• In simple words, workability means
the ease of placement and
workable mortar means the mortar
which can be placed and can be
compacted easily without any
segregation.
• To obtain a workable mix, the
laborer needs to add enough water
to produce mortar that is "fat" and
"sticky" and will resist the removal
of substantial amounts of mixing
water by the suction of the units.
• Workable mortar is easy to fluff up
with peaks like whipped cream.
• The workability of the mortar has a
profound effect on the productivity
and craftsmanship of the
bricklayer.
 WORKABILITY OF MORTAR
MORTAR ADHESION
• For good adhesion to brick, mortar must have good
workability. Poor workability will result in air spaces between
mortar and brick, preventing good bond formation, water
ingress and durability issues.
• Over wetting should be avoided as this will result in “floating”
on the mortar bed and may contribute to excessive
efflorescence and staining, such as 'picture framing‘
Temperature will have an impact on the
. WORKABILITY AND PERFORMANCE water content required
• Mortars that contain only cement and sand tend to be coarse
and have poor workability.
• If additional water is added to improve workability, this will
have a negative effect on strength and drying shrinkage.
• The addition of lime will increase workability, reduce the
water requirement and improve strength and resistance to
shrinkage within mortar beds.
ADMIXTURES
• Primarily admixtures are used to retard the set of mortar when conditions require this or provide air entrainment to assist
workability and prevent shrinkage within mortar joints.
• Air entrainment plasticisers are used to replace lime within the mix.
• Excessive use of this admixture will have a negative effect on durability weather-tightness due to increased porosity especially
when used in pointing mortar.
• Air entrainment additives should not be used in conjunction with masonry cements which already contain lime as a plasticiser.
 POINTING
Pointing, in building maintenance, the
technique of repairing mortar joints
between bricks or
other masonry elements.

Mortar for Pointing Work

1.Lime mortar of 1:2 ( 1 fat lime : 2
sand or surkhi)
2.Cement mortar of 1:3 ( 1 cement : 3
sand)
Preparation of Surface for Pointing
All the joints in masonry are raked
down to a depth of 20mm while the
mortar is still soft. The joints and
surface are cleaned and then
thoroughly wetted.
Method of Pointing
• Mortar shall then be applied in the joints a bit in excess and pressed by a proper tool of the required shape and
size.
• Extra mortar if any is removed and the surface is finished smoothly. Mortar shall not spread over the face of
bricks, and the edges of bricks shall be clearly defined to give a neat and aesthetic appearance. The pointed
surface is kept wet for at least a week or till it sets after application.
 Types of Pointing
Flush
1. Flush Pointing
Pointing
• In this type, mortar is pressed hard in
the raked joints and by finishing off
flush with the edge of masonry units.
• But, flush pointing is more durable
because of resisting the provision of
space for dust, water etc., due to this
reason, this method is extensively
used.
2. Recessed Pointing
• In this case, mortar is pressing back
by 5mm or more from the edges.
During placing of mortar the face of Recessed
the pointing is kept vertical, by a Pointing
suitable tool. This type gives very
good appearance
3. Beaded Pointing
• It is formed by a steel or ironed
with a concave edge. It gives
good appearance, but it will Beaded
damage easily when compared Pointing
to other types.

4. Struck Pointing
• This is a modification of flush
pointing in which the face the
pointing is kept inclined, with its
upper edge pressed inside the Struck
face by 10mm which drains
water easily.
Pointing

5. Rubbed, Keyed or Grooved

Pointing
• This is also a modification of
flush pointing in which groove is
formed at its mid height, by a
pointing tool. It gives good
appearance. Rubbed, Keyed or
Grooved Pointing
6. Tuck Pointing
• In this case mortar is pressed in
the raked joint first and finishing Tuck Pointing
flush with the face. While the
pressed mortar is green, groove
or narrow channel is cut in the
center of groove which is having
5mm width and 3mm depth.
• This groove is then filled with
white cement putty, kept
projecting beyond the face of the
joint by 3 mm. if projection is
done in mortar, it is called
bastard pointing or half tuck
V- Pointing
pointing.
7. V- Pointing
• This is formed by forming V-
groove in the flush-finishing face.

8. Weathered Pointing
• This is made by making a Weathered
projection in the form of V-shape.
Pointing
 INTRODUCTION

• Brickwork strengthened by the introduction

of mild steel flats, hoop iron, expanded
mesh or bars is termed as reinforced
brickwork(RBW), sometimes also called as
reinforced brick masonry(RBM).
• The reinforcement of masonry is not a new
concept. Brick masonry is one of the oldest
forms of building construction. In the 18th
Century, external iron straps were
commonly used in stonework and
reinforcement has been used .
PROPERTIES OF RBW
• The property of reinforced brick masonry is that it is capable of resisting compressive shear
stress as well as tensile shear stress.
• Reinforced brick masonry has the property of resistance to the lateral forces. The reinforced
brick masonry is widely used in the seismic areas due to its resistance to the lateral forces.
• Reinforced Brick masonry have higher ductility and stiffness as compared to normal masonry.
• The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry’s
inherent compressive strength. 
 APPLICATIONS
• Reinforced Brick concrete construction has been
adapted to a wide variety of applications such
as Beams, column, pilasters, arches and other
elements which have been used in
buildings, culverts, retaining walls, silos, chimneys,
pavements and bridges.
• The Reinforced Brick Masonry is used in
the construction of the retaining walls,
especially where the exposed brickwork is
necessary from architectural consideration.
• The applications of reinforced brick
masonry range from the retaining walls to
exterior cladding. The added tensile strength of
the reinforcing steel opens the possibility
for prefabricated brick panels.
ADVANTAGE OF R.B.W. OVER R.C.C.
• Additional strength imparted to the masonry.
• Low cost housing.
• low labor cost.
• Reinforced brick beams and lintels allow the designer to achieve exposed brick on the
underside of these element.
REASONS FOR DETORIATION
• Lower unit cement content.
• Presence of high chloride content.
• Inadequate cement mortar cover to
reinforcements.
• Ingress of moisture.
• Carbonation of mortar in
neighbourhood of steel
PREVENTION
• Basic principle of prevention of corrosion
is to maintain passivity of the embedded
steel reinforcement by the high alkalinity.
• By dipping the bars in hot tar.
• In case of mess:
The metal in the coil form is coated
with oil and dip in asphaltum paint.
 Market survey
MATERIAL PACKAGING SIZE / COMPANY PRICES
DIAMETER

Mild steel 6-25 mm diameter Indian steel ₹50/kg

TMT(Thermo
Mechanically Treated )
bars

Portland cement 50 kg/bag Sigma trimex ₹490/bag

Sand 50 kg/bag Krishna minerals ₹1.65-2/kg

Lime 25 kg/bag Shree krishna ₹4.9/kg

enterprises
MATERIAL PACKAGING COMPANY PRICES
SIZE /
DIAMETER

Admixture 25 kg/bag Perma construction ₹74/kg

aids pvt. Ltd.

Plasticizer 25 kg/bag Perma construcrion ₹70/litre

aids pvt. Ltd.

First class brick

- Kissan bhatta
company
₹10.5/piece

Second class brick

- Kissan bhatta
company
₹7.75/piece
THANK YOU