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    Distillation Tower Design: Tower Diameter, Height, Pressure Drop (Seader Seider Lewin Chapter 14.6, 14.7)

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    Matone Mafologela
    1) Tower diameter is calculated to avoid entrainment flooding, which occurs when vapor rate is high enough that liquid droplets are excessively carried to the next tray. 2) The flooding velocity is calculated using an empirical capacity parameter based on a force balance on suspended liquid droplets. 3) Tower diameter is solved for using a vapor continuity equation, applying a safety factor to the flooding velocity to ensure no flooding occurs. Downcomer area is also considered to avoid downcomer flooding.

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    Distillation Tower Design: Tower Diameter, Height, Pressure Drop (Seader Seider Lewin Chapter 14.6, 14.7)

    Uploaded by

    Matone Mafologela
    54 views13 pages
    1) Tower diameter is calculated to avoid entrainment flooding, which occurs when vapor rate is high enough that liquid droplets are excessively carried to the next tray. 2) The flooding velocity is calculated using an empirical capacity parameter based on a force balance on suspended liquid droplets. 3) Tower diameter is solved for using a vapor continuity equation, applying a safety factor to the flooding velocity to ensure no flooding occurs. Downcomer area is also considered to avoid downcomer flooding.

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    UNIT_3_Lecture_5_Tower_geom (2)

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    1) Tower diameter is calculated to avoid entrainment flooding, which occurs when vapor rate is high enough that liquid droplets are excessively carried to the next tray. 2) The flooding velocity is calculated using an empirical capacity parameter based on a force balance on suspended liquid droplets. 3) Tower diameter is solved for using a vapor continuity equation, applying a safety factor to the flooding velocity to ensure no flooding occurs. Downcomer area is also considered to avoid downcomer flooding.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    54 views13 pages

    Distillation Tower Design: Tower Diameter, Height, Pressure Drop (Seader Seider Lewin Chapter 14.6, 14.7)

    Uploaded by

    Matone Mafologela
    1) Tower diameter is calculated to avoid entrainment flooding, which occurs when vapor rate is high enough that liquid droplets are excessively carried to the next tray. 2) The flooding velocity is calculated using an empirical capacity parameter based on a force balance on suspended liquid droplets. 3) Tower diameter is solved for using a vapor continuity equation, applying a safety factor to the flooding velocity to ensure no flooding occurs. Downcomer area is also considered to avoid downcomer flooding.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    DISTILLATION TOWER DESIGN

    Tower Diameter, Height, Pressure


    Drop (Seader Seider Lewin Chapter
    14.6, 14.7 )

    1
    TOWER DIAMETER AND HEIGHT

    • The tower diameter depends on the vapor and liquid flow rates
    and their properties up and down the tower.
    • The tower diameter is computed to avoid flooding, where the
    liquid begins to fill the tower and leave with the vapor because
    it cannot flow downward at the required rate.

    CPD40XT 2
    TRAY VAPOUR AND LIQUID FLOWPATHS

    SINGLE
    PASS TRAY

    DOUBLE
    PASS TRAY

    CPD40XT 3
    WEIR AND DOWNCOMER

    CPD40XT 4
    CPD40XT 5
    TYPES OF FLOODING

    a) DOWNCOMER FLOODING. For a given vapor flow rate in a tray tower,


    downcomer flooding occurs when the liquid rate is increased to the point where
    the liquid froth in the downcomer backs up to the tray above.

    This type of flooding is not common, because most tray towers have
    downcomers with an adequate cross-sectional area for liquid flow.
    A common rule is to compute the height of clear liquid in the downcomer.
    At low to moderate pressures, if the height is less than 50% of the tray spacing,
    it is unlikely that downcomer flooding will occur.

    However, at high pressures, this value may drop to 20-30%. Another rule is to
    provide a downcomer crosssectional area of at least 10-20% of the total tower
    cross-sectional area, with the larger percentage pertaining to high pressure.
    CPD40XT 6
    TYPES OF FLOODING

    B) ENTRAINMENT FLOODING.
    For a given liquid rate, as the vapor rate is
    increased, more and more liquid droplets are
    carried by the vapor to the tray above. Flooding
    occurs when the liquid entrainment by the
    vapor is so excessive that column operation
    becomes unstable.

    CPD40XT 7
    GAMMA-SCAN
    DATA

    Liquid and vapor


    flows spatial
    distribution in
    distillation
    column

    CPD40XT 8
    WE CALCULATE TOWER DIAMETER TO AVOID
    ENTRAIMENT FLOODING – MOST COMMON TYPE!
    To calculate the tower diameter DT, we use continuity
    equation for one-dimensional steady flow , applied to
    the vapor flowing up to the next tray through area (AT -
    Ad), where AT =tower cross-sectional area, and Ad =
    downcomer area.

    To avoid flooding, we use a fraction f (typically 0.75 to


    0.85), of the vapor flooding velocity, Uf .
    Here G = mass flow rate of vapor, and ρG = vapor
    density.
    CPD40XT 9
    Substituting AT = π(DT)2/4 for a circular cross-section into Eq.
    (14.10) and solving for the tower inside diameter, DT gives:

    In Eq. (14.11), the ratio (Ad/AT) may be estimated by

    The flow ratio parameter, FLG = (L/G)(ρG/ρL)0.5where both the liquid rate, L,
    and vapor rate, G, are mass flow rates.
    CPD40XT 10
    The flooding velocity Uf is computed from an
    empirical capacity parameter, C, based on a
    force balance on a suspended liquid droplet:
    1/ 2
     ρL  ρG 
    Uf  C  (14.12)
     ρG 
    The capacity parameter C is given by:
    C  CSB FST FF FHA
    where CSB =velocity correction factor, FST=surface
    tension factor, FF=foaming factor, FHA=hole area
    factor
    CPD40XT 11
    Fair correlation for the
    velocity correction factor CSB

    The flow ratio parameter, FLG = (L/G)(ρG/ρL)0.5where both the liquid rate, L,
    and vapor rate, G, are mass flow rates.
    CPD40XT 12
    • The surface tension factor, FST is equal to (σ/20)0.20,
    where the surface tension, σ is in dyne/cm.
    • The foaming factor, FF = 1 for non-foaming systems,
    typical of distillation, and 0.5 to 0.75 for foaming
    systems, typical of absorption with heavy oils.
    • The hole-area factor, FHA is 1 for valve and bubble-
    cap trays.
    For sieve trays, FHA =1 for (Ah/Aa)≥0.10,
    and FHA = [5(Ah/Aa) + 0.5] for 0.06≤ (Ah/Aa) ≤ 1.0,
    where Ah is the total hole area on a tray and Aa is the active area of
    the tray = (AT - 2Ad) where bubbling occurs.

    CPD40XT 13

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