upcph

Understanding Basic Concepts related to Gender

Prof. Ernesto R. Gregorio, Jr. MPH, PhD

Associate Professor
Department of Health Promotion and Education, UPM CPH &
Social Inquiry and Building Capacities in Research Inc. (SIBCRI)

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA
SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
Disclosure

• I am a faculty of the College of Public Health, UP Manila

• I have been part of a team that did a research on gender
competence in ethics review in the Philippines
• I have been part of a team which trained health workers on
GAD

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
Session Learning Outcomes

1. To explain the basic concepts related to gender

and the factors that shape gender-biased
perceptions;
2. To discuss the legal basis for promoting gender
awareness and gender & development
program;
3. To recognize everyone’s contribution in shaping
a gender-friendly and accepting family and
society.

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
References

• Gender vs. Sex - https://www.diffen.com/difference/Gender_vs_Sex

• Castillo, FA, Bracamonte, N., Gregorio, ER Jr. Palaganas, C. (2019)
Gender Competence in Ethics Review in the Philippines
• Correos, C.C. Basic Gender Concepts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TT9dESDfNU
• RA 9170 s 2009. The Magna Carta of Women
• RA 9760. General Appropriation Act (GAA) on Programs/Projects
Related to Gender and Development

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
https://www.menti.com

• Please check the chat box for the link

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
Let’s talk about gender

1. Gender refers to the physical and physiological

characteristics of a person such as Male or Female
2. Dolls are for girls while toy guns are for boys
3. Boys who wear pink colored-outfits or clothes are gays
4. Washing the dishes at home is a household chores for girls
5. At least I know someone who has been discriminated
based on his/her gender preference.

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
Let’s watch and listen

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
 Sex Gender
Definition Biological and physiological Complex concept
characteristics that define men
and women. Refers to the social (sociological) and
Genitalia, internal reproductive cultural differences between men
organs, chromosomes and and women
hormones
Main categories Female Male Masculine and feminine
Vagina Penis
XY YY
Estrogen/ Estrogen
Progesterone

Stability of the concept Remains the same regardless of Gender roles and expectations may
time and culture differ across time and culture

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
Sex Characteristics
• Women menstruate while men do not
• Women can give birth
• Women have developed breasts that
can usually lactate while men do not
have
• Men can supply sperm
• Men have testicles while women do not.

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
Socialization/Society’s Expectations

• “When a baby is born a female (based on the genitalia), society (starting

with her family and neighborhood) immediately socializes her into its
mores, norms and patterns of behavior for a girl, until she grows to
adulthood. The same for male infants. This is why, for people whose
biological sex marker and gender identity don’t match, life is difficult
because society pressures them to behave and think according to their
(apparent) biological sex, and when they don’t, they are discriminated.
Society punishes them for not being what they ought to be.”
(Castillo, FA, et. al., 2019)

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
LGBTQIA (L – lesbian; G – gay; B- bisexual; T – transgender or transsexual; Q – queer; I – intersex; A - asexual)

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
Societal institutions that promote gender-biased
perceptions or gender empowerment
• Family/Parents • Schools
• household chores assigned to a child • roles in the school activities
• type and color of the clothes • home economics
• types of toys and games to play with • roles in the school org
• career choice • toys to play with
• duties/responsibilities
• types of sports activities
• access to education
• crying in public
• Neighborhood • Church
• Political structure • Workplaces
COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
The World Economic Forum (WEF), 2020 Global Gender
Gap Report
• It would take 99.5 years before the world can achieve gender parity.
• A year later, in its 2021 report, WEF said that it will now take 135.6
years to close the gender gap worldwide.
• That means, it will not happen in our lifetime.
• But on the local scenario, the Philippines is actually doing well.
• It has already closed 78.4 percent of its overall gender gap.
• In the 2021 report, we are 17th worldwide, the 2nd best in the East
Asia and Pacific region (after New Zealand), and first in the Asian
continent (followed by LAO PDR, which is 37th worldwide).

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
 Women who have smashed the glass ceiling

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
RA 9710 s 2009: RA 9710 s 2009: Republic Act No. 8760 – General
Appropriations Act (GAA) On
The Magna Carta of The Magna Carta of Programs/Projects Related to
Women Women Gender and Development (GAD)

• seeks to eliminate Section 36: Gender Mainstreaming as

a Strategy for Implementing the Magna
Section 27: “All concerned government
entities shall submit their GAD plan to
discrimination against Carta
“All
of
government
Women
departments,
the National Commission on Women
women by recognizing, for review. They shall likewise submit
including their attached agencies,
annual reports to Congress, the
protecting, fulfilling and offices, bureaus, state universities and
colleges, government owned and Department of Budget and
promoting the rights of controlled cooperations, local Management (DBM), National
Commission on Women (NCW),
Filipino women, government units and all other
government instrumentalities shall indicating the accomplishments and
especially those in adopt gender mainstreaming as a amounts utilized to implement
marginalized sector. strategy to promote women’s human programs/projects/activities
rights and eliminate gender addressing gender issues and women
discrimination in their systems,
empowerment. The evaluation of
structures, policies, programs,
processes and procedures. agencies utilization of the GAD budget
shall be performance based.”

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
Executive Order No. 273 – Approving and Adopting the
Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development (PPGD)
1995-2025
• EO 273, issued on September 9, 1995 and signed by President
F.V. Ramos, adopted the Philippine Plan for Gender
Responsive Development IPPGD) 1995-2025.

• “All government agencies, departments, bureaus, offices

and instrumentalities, including government-owned and
controlled corporations, at the national and local levels are
directed to incorporate GAD concerns in their annual
budget proposals and work and financial plans [at least
5%].”
COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health
• It is everyone’s duty as a person, as a member of humanity,
not to contribute to injustices and discrimination that the
society imposes on the basis of gender.
• respect and acceptance.

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Public Health,
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA Hospital Administration, Environmental and Occupational Health