By:

Dr. Estrellita B. Lacuesta,R.Crim,,CSP,CST

Reviewer
 is defined as the
scientific detection of
deception through the
use or aid of a
polygraph.
derived from the two Greek words:
POLY
means Many or More and
GRAPHOS
which means Writings.

 is a device or an instrument
capable of recording changes in
blood pressure/pulse beats,
respiration, and galvanic-skin-
reflex or GSR as indicative of
emotional excitement, especially
of Lying when questioned.
DETECTION - isthe act of
discovering the existence or
presence of something
hidden or obscured.
 Lying can be
accomplished either
by:

1. verbal terms spoken by

the mouth;
2. acts, feigns, ruses or other
means by which man may
be able to get desired
results through marks and
symbols.
• STIMULUS – is the force or motion
reaching the organism from the
environment and excites the preceptors.
• REACTION – is any activity aroused in an
organism by a stimulus, which is of
mental processes.
• RESPONSE – is any reaction, usually of
muscular or glandular processes, that
depends upon stimulation.
• SPECIFIC RESPONSE – is one that is
exhibited by the subject to a particular
question, which is a deviation from the
norm.
 SUBJECT – as often used in our discussion,
refers to any person undergoing polygraph
examination. He may be a suspect, the
complainant, the witness, the victims or
relative of the victim or suspect (in cases of
criminal investigation or interrogation) or he
may be an aspiring job applicant (in
cases of employment in a government or private
institution undergoing screening through
loyalty test or integrity checking).
 POLYGRAPH EXAMINER/
POLYGRAPHIST or merely
EXAMINER/EXPERT – is the one
conducting the test or examination.
 Admission-is a self-incriminating
statement falling short of
acknowledgement of guilt.

 Confession- is the voluntary

statement made by a person and
given to proper authorities
wherein he acknowledged
himself to be guilty of an
offense and discloses
circumstances of his felonious
act of the share and
participation which he had in it.
Emotion- is an acute disturbance of an
individual as a whole, psychological in
origin involving behavior conscious
experience and visceral functions.

Fear- is an emotional response to specific

danger that appears to be beyond the
person’s defensive power.

Heredity- is the transmission of mental and

physical traits from parents to offspring.
 An individual can change his environment
and he can improve his training or education
but he could not change his acquired or
inherited traits.
Genetics – (heredity/
inheritance)

Eugenics – science and art of

improving human breed
 Lie detector – “Man” or the investigator
or the polygraph examiner is the one who
could detects whether the person is lying
or deceptive.

 Normal Response- a tracing on the chart

wherein the subject answered the
irrelevant questions.

 Normal Tracing- a tracing of the subject

which is produced when irrelevant
question was asked.
 Dicrotic Notch- is a short horizontal line
on cardio tracing located at the middle of
diastolic stern.

 Chart or Polygrams- refers to the

composite record of the pneumograph,
galvanograph, and cardiosphygmograph
tracing recorded from one series of
questions.

 Circumstantial evidence- is a series of

events upon which the guilt or innocence
of a person is inferred.
Polygraph examination is undertaken
by asking questions skillfully formulated while
the subject is attached to the instrument.

These questions are answerable

by yes or no, the inferences based
from a number of observable
symptoms in a subject which will
be interpreted by the polygraph
examiner.
 The accuracy of the test relies on the
competency of the examiner.

The usefulness of the polygraph

in recording symptoms of
deception is based on the
established principle that a
conscious mental effort on the
part of the subject who is
deceitful would produce
involuntary physiological
changes.
 These changes are
the respiration, blood
pressure and pulse
beat, galvanic skin
reflex which are
capable of being
recorded and
accurately diagnosed
by skillful polygraph
examiners.
A polygraph test measures the subject’s
pulse, blood pressure, respiration and skin
resistance or conductivity while the
individual is being asked
a series of questions.

The changes from an established baseline

are presumed to indicate an emotional
reaction when lying in response to a
question.
Polygraph is used in crime detection and
investigation to:
 eliminate innocent subject
 recognize fabricated complaints
 determine the veracity of the information
 narrow the focus of inquiry
 locate the fruits of the crime
 and gather additional information on
particular suspects and from reluctant
witnesses and aid the investigator to speed
up the process of investigation.
 The limitations however is
clear since the polygraph
examination may only be
administered to a willing
subject and its result is not
accepted as an evidence in
court even if the data
collected in a polygraph
examination are accurate since
interpretation may vary and
give rise to doubts.
 KNOWN METHODS
OF DECEPTION DETECTION

A. Ancient Methods
1. Red- Hot Iron Ordeal
2. Ordeal of the Balance
3. Boiling Water
4. Water Test Ordeal
5. The Smell – Out Technique
6. The Sacred Ass Ordeal
7. Trial by Combat
8. Other Known common practices, such as
a. Rice – chewing
b. Palm Reading
c. Card reading
d. Winnower & Scissor
e. Spirit of the glass
 It is a method of gathering and
knowing information from the
subject about the crime in dispute
employing the use of machine or
device, drugs or substances and
other accessory means.
The ancient method of detecting deception
was not based on any understanding of the
psychological principles underlying
deception; it relied on religious and
superstitious belief.

The ordeals were used in those times as a

vehicle for establishing the truth which may
be traced back from the days of Christ, the
Dark Ages and Middle Ages until the later
part of the 16th century.
B. Observation Methods
1. Thru Facial Expressions
2. Thru Postural Reactions
3. Thru Cause – Effect Process, such as the
stimulation – reaction or response test;
C. Regular Police Methods (5w’s/1h & 3i’s)
D. Hypnotism - FRANZ (FRIEDRICH) ANTON MESMER
(1734 – 1815)
E. Word – Association Test - 1879 by SIR
FRANCIS GALTON (1822 -1911); DR. CARL GUSTAV
JUNG
(1875 – 1961)
F. Truth – Serum Test/Intoxication - DR.
EDWARD MANDEL HOUSE (1858 – 1938)
G. Psychological Stress Evaluator
H. Polygraph Test Technique
 Color change
 Sweating
 Inability to look straight in the
investigator’s eyes
 Change in heart rate and pulse beat
 Holding of breath
 Dryness of mouth and throat
 Peculiar and unusual expression
 Unusual behavior
Symptoms of deception under
internal guilt response:
 Quickening of heart palpitation;
 Gripping of the intestine;
 Dryness of the mouth;
 Sinking feeling in the fit of the
stomach;
 Uncontrollable impulse to swallow
saliva.
 Postural reaction
 Subjects hands and feet
exhibiting state of
uneasiness;
 In ability of the subjects
eye to look straight to the
investigator or examiner;
 Peculiar monotone of
voice;
 Fidgeting with the fingers,
tapping or drumming on
the table or chair;
 Excessive movement of the
Adam’s apple in male
subjects.
 Dilation of the eyes,
protrusion of the eyeballs and
elevation of the upper eyelid.
 Blushing, paling and profuse
sweating on the forehead
 Twitching at the corner of the
lips.
 Excessive winking and
movement of the vein at the
temple.
 This is a deception detection
method using narcotic or anesthetic
drug in order to get information
from the subject.
Eyocine hydrobromide, sodium
amytal, penthotal, seconal and
other barbiturates, methanine,
methyl pheridate, droperidol and
scopolamine; Trichloroethylene
(Anesthetic Drug).
 The drug is injected hypodermically or
intravenously at certain repeated dosage or
if trichloroethylene is used should be taken
by inhalation at a certain amount. When the
point was reached when there is release of
inhibition and subsequently release of
repressed materials from the mind, the
subject is then asked questions by the
interrogator. The tendency of the subject is
to reveal the secrets of the crime and
pinpoints all circumstances concerning the
commission of the crime.
1. Administration of this drug is dangerous, if
not properly administered, it may kill the
subject or damage the brain;
2. Unreliable result – the information
gathered from the subject is not reliable to
be true.
3. It deprives the subject of his own free will
to speak freely;
3 . Information taken from the subject under
narcosis is not admissible in court as
evidence.
Although not admissible, it is quite
useful for further investigation.

4. Very few doctors agree in the use of these drugs

for criminal investigation unless use for diagnosis
and treatment of ailment.

It has been agreed by most criminal investigators that a

properly conducted criminal interrogation equaled if not
much better than a Narco-analysis.
In this test, the subject will be interviewed,
wherein a group of stimulus words or objects
or person will be presented to the subject.
He will then be instructed to answer the
questions as quickly as possible. The time
interval between each relevant questions
and answers were noted down as well as the
reaction of the subject to the stimulus words
or objects or person related to the crime in
dispute. The time interval and the reaction
of the subject will be studied by the
interrogator.
The hypnotism find its way in criminal
investigation by hypnotizing the subject
and then question will be asked when the
subject is under hypnosis. The subject is
under the control and influence of the
hypnotist and therefore the information is
devoid of the subject’s own freewill to
speak making it not admissible in court as
evidence.
Usually hard liquor is the one preferred but
other soft liquors may also be used provided
it served the purpose. The subject is made
to drink the liquor in divided amount up to
the point of loss of control of the mind and
thus released of inhibitions.

The information taken from the subject is also not

admissible in court, however, it maybe admissible if the
subject can recall his statement when he was under the
influence of alcohol when confronted again.
The polygraph technique uses the
principle that the bodily functions of
a person are influenced by his
mental state. The physiological
changes accompanying deception
are being recorded, measured and
interpreted with reasonable
certainty.
Telling a lie is usually an emotional
experience. A conscious act of lying
causes in the mind of the examinee,
which produces an emotion of fear or
anxiety, manifested by fluctuations that
come with the emotion are in nature
automatic, self-regulating and beyond
conscious control because they affect the
functioning of the internal structures
that prepare the body for emergency.
They are mobilized for survival value.
 Emotion refers to an acute disturbance in
origin involving behavior conscious experience
and instinctive functioning. It is generally
accepted that the human mind greatly influences
all bodily functions. The principle and theory
behind detecting deception relies of the dogma
that involuntary and automatic bodily changes
accompany deception. Such alterations are not
derived from consciousness of guilt but viewed as
a result of fear of exposure and being detected.
 LYING PERSON fears detection and
possible ostracism by the offended community.
He may feel that once detected, he could not
but accept the bitter results of being penalized,
thus, placing his whole life at stake.
Since fear reaction carries emotional
responses due to detection, he may now exhibit
external and internal physical and physiological
changes wihin him, such that these changes
occur beyond his defensive power to control or
repress them. These changes, on the other
hand, are recorded by the polygraph instrument
and diagnosed by the Examiner.
 Defense mechanism used to
avoid trouble with the law
 Not to hurt someone’s feelings
 They lie because they gain from
it
 To avoid embarrassment and
 For a good laugh or a joke
 KINDS OF LIES

• WHITE LIES or BENIGN LIE

• PATHOLOGICAL LIE
• RED LIE
• BLACK LIE
• MALICIOUS or JUDICIOUS LIE
PATHOLOGICAL LIAR
AND
PROFESSIONAL LIAR
Black lie- is a kind of lie used by a person
to deceive others.

Pathological lie – this is a lie made by

persons who cannot distinguish right from
wrong.

Red lie - this involves political interest and

motives because this is part of Communist
Propaganda Strategy. Lies of this kind
purport to destroy other ideologies by
means of propaganda – brain-washing and
black mail via espionage and treason.
White lies or Benign lie – this is the kind of
lie, the most common of all, which is
intended to protect or maintain harmony of
friendship, at home, in the office or
elsewhere.

Malicious or Judicious Lie – this is very pure

unjustifiable kind of lie. This is intended
purely to mislead justice. The probable
results would by all means be “Perjury” and
pure dishonesty to obstruct justice. Some
liar lawyers and false witnesses fall under
this category.
 DIRECT DENIAL – this is the direct denial of
the act in question that creates an emotional
sense of disturbance. This disturbance refers
to the conflict between what is true and the
attempted deception that creates an internal
battle in the mind. “I DID NOT DO IT!”

 LIE OF OMISSION – this is a type of lie that

people usually used because it is simple to
tell. Individuals who will make use of this
type of lie will tell the truth while omitting
details that could create possible troubles.
 LIE OF FABRICATION – this is the most
difficult type of lie that a subject could use
in an interview.

 LIE OF MINIMIZATION – in this type of lie

individual will accept that something has
occurred but downplays the implication. Lie
of minimization could be used if a subject
wanted to stay close to the truth; however,
he covers the truth for his or her own
benefit.
Example:
Mr. X is complaining because Mr. B boxed him and as a
result, the nose of Mr. X was broken. If Mr. B uses the lie of
minimization, he will state that he only slapped Mr. X.
 LIE OF EXAGGERATION – this is a lie often
used to exaggerate things for the hope of
obtaining some advantage. This is also often
found on resume, where applicant
exaggerates his or her experiences,
knowledge, skills, salary and length of
service. The exaggerated claims can be
verified by looking for inconsistencies of the
subject’s story.
 PANIC LIAR:
 It is one who lies in order to avoid the
consequences of a confession.
 OCCUPATIONAL LIAR:
 This person ia s practical liar and lies when it
has a higher “pay off” than telling the truth.
 TOURNAMENT LIAR:
 Loves to lie and is excited by the challenge of
not being detected.
 PSYCHOPATHIC LIAR:
- The most difficult liar. This person has no
conscience. He shows no regret for dishonesty
and no maniestation of guilt.
 ETHNOLOGICAL LIAR:
- One who is taught not to be squealer . Used by
underworld gang in order for their member not to
reveal any secret of their organization.
 PATHOLOGICAL LIAR:
- A person who cannot distinguish right from
wrong. His mind is sick. He is an insane person.
 BLACK LIAR:
- A person who always pretends.What he thinks of
himself, what kind of person he is and what he is.
 In 1730, Daniel Defoe wrote an
essay entitled, ”An Effectual Scheme
for the Immediate Preventing of
Street Robberies and Suppressing All
Other Disorders of the Night”, which
recommends taking of the pulse as a
method of identifying a criminal.
 famous English heart specialist. He
first described the instrument in the
article entitled “The Ink Polygraph”
which appeared in a 1908 number of
a British Medical Journal. Its
invention, however, was not for lie-
detection purpose but for medical
researches and polygraphs
specifically in the inking system,
chart-driving and pen
conglomerating simultaneous
operating system and the pen
centering adjustment system.
In 1895, Cesare Lombroso M.D.,
an Italian criminologist,
published the second edition of
L’Homme Criminal. It documents
his use of a plethysmograph and
sphygmomanometer during the
interrogation of criminal
suspects;

Used HYDROSPHYGMOGRAPH for

detecting deception;

The first person to utilize an

instrument for the purpose of
detecting lie, through BLOOD
PRESSURE.
Vittorio Benussi
1914: Conducted experiments
using the pneumograph for the
detection of deception. Noted that
the inspiration-expiration ratio
changed during deception. His
theory was that if the length of
expiration, the ratio would be
greater before truth telling than
afterwards, and greater after lying
than before lying; He considered
the Respiration Changes as
symptoms of deception.
1918: Partially confirmed the
result obtained by Benussi that
deceit could be detected in
patterns of respiratory inhibition;
Indian began the use of polygraph
examinations in 1948 after an
Inspector of the CID completed
training in a U.S. polygraph school;
He considered the respiratory
method of less diagnostic value
than the blood pressure. Agreed
the results obtained by Benussi.
John A. Larson
 He constructed the instrument
capable of continuously recording
all the phenomena such as blood
pressure, pulse and respiration in
the year 1921.

He also was the first to use more

than one recording to detect
deception.
 John A. Larson
A pioneer who in 1921
developed an instrument
capable of simultaneously
and continuously recording
blood pressure, pulse rate
and respiration. His invention
was designated as the “Bread
Lie Detector”.
William Moulton Marston
He used SPHYGMOMANOMETER
attach to blood pressure. He
recorded the respiration noted
through the time when the
subject’s response verbally.

He used also GALVANOMETER to

record the skin resistance
changes and a gripping device
to record tension.
Leonarde Keeler
 He constructed a more satisfactory
instrument than the one used by
Larson. In the year 1926 the
polygraph included in addition to
units for recording blood pressure,
pulse, respiration and galvanic
skin reflex or electrodermal
response known as GSR.
Keeler also to be credited
with introducing the card test used
for control purposes.
Leonard Keeler (1926) An American
criminologist who invented the
kymograph machine. In 1949, the
“KEELER’s Polygraph” incorporated
the galvanograph with
measurement, blood pressure &
respiration component &
keymograph component.He also
devised a metal recording bellow,
rolled chart paper and the method
of question formulation used in
polygraph examination.
He devised an instrument as Reid
Polygraph.

In the year 1945 he introduced a

completely revised polygraph
technique, the most significant
feature of which was the
utilization of a control question
known as the Reid control question
technique.
Developed a Word Association
Test (WAT) in 1879.
During the test, the subject is
asked to speak of his thoughts in
response to word spoken by the
examiner, it was adapted for
deception detection by mixing
words relevant to the crime with
words irrelevant to the crime.
Measured the skin conductance
in 1937.

It was Japan’s first reported

use of
psychophysiological
detection of deception.
- was the first to use the term
“psychogalvanic reflex” and
believed that the electrical
phenomena was due to activity of
the sweat glands; China started its
own polygraph school, the
Chongqing Sino-American
Cooperative Institute, in the early
1940’s.
He is Italian physiologist who was
accorded the distinction for
developing the galvanic skin reflex
(GSR) or the galvanometer, which
records electrical bodily resistance
in terms of ohms, the lowest current
ever recorded. The GSR reflected
emotional changes by measuring
changes in person’s skin resistance
to electricity.
He made the first suggestion for
using the galvanograph for detecting
deception based on the works of
several predecessors. He theorized
that galvanic skin reflex is
influenced by existing mental
impression and that will have no
effect upon it.
A police officer who attended the
Reid College of Detection of
Deception in 1959 which marked
the beginning of the use of
polygraph in Israel.
Head of the Forensic Laboratory in
Zagreb, Croatia, conducted the first
experimental polygraph tests in the
Republic of Croatia and Yugoslavia.

Ron Decker was the first winner

of the APA J.J. Heger award
in 1979.
 The International Society
for the Detection Deception began
issuing memberships in 1948.

Dick Arther was the first winner

of the max Wasti, Srf. Award
from the AAPP in 1990
 KOREA began its use of
polygraph in the 1950’s. Its first
examiners were trained by U.S.
Army polygraphers stationed
there. There are approximately
70 active forensic
psychophysiologists in Korea
today working with the military
or the government.
 Angelo Mosso
A pioneer who developed
in 1895 a type of
sphygmomanometer and
utilized a scientific cradle
and focus on the
significance of fear as an
indication of deception.
The Polygraph was first introduced
to the Philippines in 1945 by the
Crime Laboratory of the Military
Police. The Crime Laboratory sent
several people including Mr. Jose
Navarro and Conrado Dumlao to the
U.S for polygraph training. In 1950
the National Bureau Investigation
sent Mr. Agustin Patricio to train at
the keeler Polygraph Institute,
 Lawyer Manuel C. Roura also
trained their after he
succeeded Mr. Patricio as
chief of the Polygraph Division
of the NBI Crime Lab Personnel
trained in Polygraph were
Ernesto Lucena, Ms. Tessie
Logan and Artemio Panganiban
Jr.
When a mentally normal
person tells a lie, physiological
changes occur within his body
that could be recorded by the
instrument and evaluated by
the examiner.
 “Always
OBJECTIVITY
over
SUBJECTIVITY”
To determine truth or
deception based on the
presence of emotional
disturbance of the subject as
appearing on the questions
relative to the case under
investigation.
The ultimate objective of
Polygraph Examination is to
obtain the Subject’s
ADMISSION or CONFESSION
of the offense committed.
1. Criminal investigation
2. Pre- employment test and screening
3. Periodic personnel check (for
integrity)
4. Claim verification test (for
insurance compensation/benefits)
5. Loyalty test (for intelligence &
honesty)
6. Promotion
 THE FOUR MAJOR
COMPONENTS OF
POLYGRAPH
AND THE PLACEMENT
OF INSTRUMENTAL
ATTACHMENT:
 a rubberized corrugated tube about
seven inches in length fastened around
the subject’s chest and abdomen. This
occupies the two top upper pens of the
instrument which records the thoracic
and abdominal breathing patterns of
respiration. The inhalation/exhalation
of the subject cause the tubes to
expand and contract, thereby reflecting
the change through bellows to the pen
into the chart.
The beaded chain another component of
the pneumograph assembly is used to fix
in place the rubber convoluted tube.

Pneumograph recording unit is made up

of brass bellows, a frame, crankshaft,
countershaft, adjustable fulcrum, bearing
with adjusting screw, pen cradle and pen
centering control. Volume changes of the
chest caused by breathing is transmitted
to the chest assembly to the recording
unit.
 Harold Burtt- a scientist who, in 1918
determined that the respiratory changes
were signs of deception and concluded
that systolic pressure changes are
valuable in determining deception.

 Vittorio Benussi-(1914) noted the

changes in inhalation and exhalation ratio
occuring during deception. He recorded
the respiratory curves of the
pneumograph.
 the blood pressure cuff containing a rubber
bladder that is wrapped around one of the
subject arms in such a way as to ensure that
the rubber portion of the cuff is place over the
brachial artery of the right arm for more
satisfactory recordings. This is the fourth and
the bottom pen of the instrument. The
polygraphist inflates the bladder with a hand
pump to put air into the system, which
recorded in a sphygmomanometer in
millimeter of mercury (generally 60-80 mm).
 Blood pressure cuff which is installed
on the upper right arm of the subject,
slightly above the brachial artery.
 Sphygmomanometer which is utilized
to indicate the amount of air pressure
inflated to the system.
 Pump bulb assembly which inflates
air into the system, also known as an
air pump, it has a hose connecting the
blood pressure cuff through which the
blood pressure changes and passed
into the recording pen.
 Resonance control unit which is used for
reducing or increasing the amount of air
pressure to reach the brass bellows
(tambour) and thus reduce or increase the
amplitude of pen excursions.
 Centering control which is used to
provide adjustment of the tracing so that
the composite records pattern would be
on the guideline.
 Vent which provides the means by which
air in the system can be released.
 Recording pen (5 inches long) which is
used to record blood pressure pulse rate
changes on the chart paper by means of a
five (5) inch recording pen.
 Cesare Lombroso – An Italian scientist who in
1885 used hydrospygmograph procedure and was
credited to be the pioneer who envisioned the
idea of using scientific procedures to lie
detection. He is considered as the first person to
use an instrument for the purpose of detecting
deception.

 Angelo Mosso – A pioneer who developed in 1895

a type of sphygmanometer and utilized a
scientific cradle and focus on the significance of
fear as an indication of deception.
 Dr. William Moulton Marston (1893-1947) was
born in Cliftondale, Massachusetts where he
received three degrees, an A.B. in 1915, an LL.B.
in 1918 and a PH.D. in 1921. He was a physician,
the developer o the theory we use today for the
DISC system and other important devices, and
the creator of the comic book character Wonder
Woman.

 Marston was also the creator of the systolic

pressure test, which lead to the creation of the
polygraph (lie detector). Because of his
discovery, Marston was convinced that women
were more honest and reliable than men and
could work faster and more accurately.
John A. Larson – A pioneer who in
1921 developed an instrument
capable of simultaneously and
continuously recording blood
pressure, pulse rate and respiration.
His invention was designated as the
“Bread Lie Detector”.
 a set of electrodes attached to the index finger
and to the ring finger of the left hand or the
palmer or dorsal surfaces of subject’s hand.
This is the longest and the third pen of the
instrument. The electrodes used for obtaining
the recording of the GSR or electro dermal
responses, are fastened to the hand or fingers
by means of the passage of an imperceptible
amount of electrical current through the hand
or fingers bearing the attached electrodes, a
galvanometer unit provides recording of the
variation in the flow of the electrical current.
 Finger electrodes assembly which has
a finger electrode plate and retainer
bond attached to the left index and
ring finger of the subject. And a
connecting plug designed to fasten the
system to the polygraph machine.

 Recording pen unit which is usually 7

inches in length.

 Amplifier unit which is made to

support the galvanometer in
converting electrical to mechanical
current.
 Sticker-(1897) worked on the galvanograph
component & studied the influence and
relation of the sweat glands to skin
resistance.
 Veraguth- (1907)formulated the term
psycho-galvanic skin reflex. He claimed
that electrical phenomena are due to the
activity of the sweat glands.
 Richard O. Arthur- developed and
improvised polygraph machine with two
galvanic skin resistance.
 this is the chart-recording unit of the
instrument. It has a synchronized motor
that drives the charts at the rate of six
inches per minute and its speed
constant is vital because the vertical
lines, which are spaced either at one
inch interval, represents five or ten
seconds interval on the chart. This
provides the polygraphist with a means
of determining pulse rate and question
spacing.
 A motor which drive or pull the paper or
chart under the recording pen at the rate
of 6 to 12 inches per minute.
 The chart must travel at uniform speed to
facilitate valid interpretations. Chart rolls
are approximately 100 ft. Holes spaced ½
inch apart. The paper is imprinted with
horizontal lines at ¼ inch interval twenty
(20) divisions and vertical lines at 1/10
inch interval with heavy lines at ½ inch
divisions across the paper which represents
5 seconds of time. Pulse rate per minute
may be computed by multiplying the
number of beats counted in one division by
12.
 Chart is a rolled graph paper composed of
12 divisions in sixty (60) seconds run
designed to measure the rate of various
body functions.
 Rubber roller which pull the paper out of
the machine.
 Paper rail guide serves to secure or
ensure the chart paper’s forward
movement without shaking.
Leonard Keeler (1926) An American
criminologist who invented the
keymograph machine. In 1949, the
“KEELER’s Polygraph” incorporated the
galvanograph with measurement, blood
pressure & respiration component &
keymograph component.He also devised a
metal recording bellow, rolled chart
paper and the method of question
formulation used in polygraph
examination.
 Sir James Mackenzie- an English heart
specialist who first described the
polygraph machine as the “Ink
Polygraph”.
 Cleve Backster – created the numerical
scoring on the polygraph chart and
standardized quantitative polygraph
technique.
 F. Galton – credited for devising the
“word association test”
John E. Reid - developed
improvement with the
conventional polygraph by
incorporating muscular
resistance his device was known
as the Reid Polygraph. He was
also credited for the
development of the SAT and
Control Question test.
 In the conduct of
instrumentation, always
remember that the last to
attach be the first to detach!

Examination will last 5 to 8

minutes of time…….
 Requisites in
Polygraph Examination
General Objectives:
This SOP prescribes the mandatory
requisites in Polygraph Examination to
produce accurate and reliable chart
tracings, which shall be the basis in
determining truth or deception as an
invaluable aid in the investigation of
cases, pre-employment screening and
periodical or promotional polygraph
examinations.
1. To serve as legal and scientific basis in
conducting polygraph.
2. To ensure accurate and reliable chart
tracings of the subjects for the
determination of truth or deception.
3. To provide invaluable aid in hastening the
investigation of case through elimination of
innocent suspects.
4. Verify the correctness and completeness of
positive applicant’s “Statement of personal
and Employment History”.
1. Polygraph examination shall be based
upon a formal written request from
PNP, AFP, other government and
private investigating agencies, order
from the court of appropriate
jurisdiction and private individual
duly approved by the Director, PNPCL
under the following conditions:
  All requests shall be hand-carried
by the Investigator-on-case
together with other requirements
namely:

a. Investigation Report
b. Sworn statements of the subjects,
suspects and witnesses
c. Crime scene sketch
d. Other information relative to the
background of the suspect, criminal
records and those connected to the case.
 Request through telephone may
be allowed only in cases of
emergency pending submission
of formal written request
together with the necessary
information to make a
determination as to the
propriety of polygraph
examination.
 Field request sent through radio message
should state the nature of the case,
number of subjects and exact location of
the test.

 Polygraph examination shall be conducted

of offense punishable under the Revised
Penal Code, Articles of War or by Special
Laws. Civil case shall be entertained only
when there is an order from the court of
higher headquarters.
 A case which has been
examined by the other
government agencies shall
not be accepted by this
division for further or
another polygraph
examination, unless directed
by the court or higher
headquarters.
 The examiner shall conduct
initial interview of the
investigator-on-case to have
complete details of the facts
and circumstances surrounding
the case. This shall be the basis
of questions to be asked during
the examination.
1. Initial Interview - with the Investigator
Handling the Case.

This includes such as:

a. Obtaining and evaluating case facts
b. Determine areas the subject needs to asked
about
c. The investigator should furnish the examiner
adequate facts of the case
2. The Pre-test interview - with the subject to be
examined. The primary purpose of the pre-test
interview is to prepare the subject for the test.
Its duration usually lasts for 20 to 30 minutes.

This phase includes:

a. The Subject must be appraised of his
constitutional rights.
b. Obtain subject’s consent to undergo the test
(signing of the statement)
c. The taking of the personal data of the subject
d. Determine his or her suitability of the test
e. Clinically observation of the subject
f. Evaluating the psychological preparation of the
subject
g. Informing the subject of his involvement with
the case
1. The patient should avoid taking
medication for at least two (2) days
prior to the examination;
2. The subject should not be hungry;
3. The subject must refrain from
smoking at least two (2) hours prior
to the test;
4. The subject must refrain from
consuming alcoholic beverages for at
least twelve (12) hours prior to the
actual test;
5. The subject should not be suffering from
physical or emotional abuse;
6. The subject should calm down and
relaxed;
7. If the female subject is pregnant or
having menstruation, the test will not be
undertaken;
8. The subject should not wear tight
apparels or clothing as this may cause
inference in the test results;
9. The subject should have at least five (5)
hours of sleep prior to the examination.
3. The conduct of instrumental test -
with the asking of questions previously
reviewed with the subject.

a. Transducers are attached to the body of

the subject
b. Test instructions are given to the subject
c. Stimulating and conditioning the subject
d. Conduct preliminary evaluation/Initial
Findings
4. Post Interview/Interrogation - with the
subject.

This phase includes all consideration that bear

on the examination just after the instrument is
turned off.

If the polygraph test result indicates deception

then the examiner proceeds to conduct a short
interrogation, the purpose of which is to obtain
confession or admission. However, if the test
charts of polygraphs indicate that a subject is
telling the truth then he will be released
cordially and the examiner will thank then/him
for his cooperation.
Polygraph Examination may be re-
scheduled or postponed when:
a. The subject does not have
sufficient sleep, at least five (5)
hours;
b. The subject is suffering from any
temporary illness, such as: headache,
monthly period, stomachache and the
like or experiencing discomforts which
may cause abnormal response.
 THE EXAMINATION ROOM
The Polygraph Examination must be
conducted in a quite, private semi-sound
proof room. Extraneous noises, such as
the ringing of a telephone or the
conversation of persons outside the
examination room, or the presence of
investigators in the room itself, would
induce disturbances and distractions that
in turn would distort the various
physiological recordings and seriously
interfere with a satisfactory polygraph
diagnosis.
 It should be very conservative
as to painted wall and furniture. It
should not contain an ornaments,
pictures or other objects which
would in any way distract the
attention of the person being
examined. It should be properly
ventilated with an even
comfortable temperature. There
should have an observation room
adjoining with the examination
room equipped with one-way
mirror.
 Mankind has used signs and
symbols since the beginning of time.
The absence of sign can cause a
great deal of confusion.

As an illustration, a stranger on
a crossroad without any signs will
not know the right road to take in
order that he will reach his
destination.
 The same situation confronts the polygraph
examiner. Without marking of any kind, it is
impossible to evaluate the chart and arrive at
any conclusion.
CHART MARKING is very important part
of polygraph technique. The examiner
may have the best training, used the most
advance method and run miles of chart
tracing yet the value of his endeavor is
lost without proper chart markings. One
or two seconds that he is off on chart
marking can easily create
misinterpretation.
x/60/1.5 A - first markings of the examiner on
the chart

xx/60/1.5 A – examiner’s mark after the test

X - start of the test or symbol that signify the

test has begin

XX – end of the test

60 - millimeter of mercury shown in
sphygmomanometer

1.5 - ohms of skin electrical resistance

sensitivity

A or M - refers to automatic or manual galvo

amplifier used

ll – particular point where each question begins

and end (also called stimulus marks)

+ - YES answer to question

A - adjustment

- NO answer to question

M - movement

T - subject talked instead of answering with

single YES or NO

R - subject request for repetition of question

C - coughing
N - noise

S - sigh by the subject

L - laugh

Y - yawn

B - used to signify belch

C+ - increase in galvo sensitivity

C- - decrease of galvo sensitivity

PJ - paper jam

CT - subject clearing throat

SN - sniffed by the subject

BI - breathing instruction

OS - tracing change caused by outside stimulus

IM – movement instruction

IS - ink stop
“ Without chart marking it is
impossible to evaluate the chart
or to arrive at any conclusion.
The tracings have no meaning
unless you know what occurred at
each point throughout the chart.
The accuracy of the result of
polygraph test depends on the
competency of the polygraph
examiner and a well-trained
investigator.”
DECREASES WITH CORNEAL DEHYDRA
HYDRATED CORNEUM DEHYDRATED CORNEUM
RESPONSE ONGOING RESPONSE
 Double Saddle Response
 Rise from the Baseline
 Vertical Rise Point
 Long Duration
 Plunging of the tracing
Consistently Relatively Small
Irregular (Obese subject)
(described as
Ectopic)
Fluctuating Level of the Blood
Pressure Occurrence of Two Dicrotic Notches
(reflective of nervousness)
Slow Roller Coaster Shape
Pulse
Presence of burge amplitude – to be Cuff Pressure is too Low
reduce by lowering the cuff pressure
 There must be specific response.
 To be specific, it must form a
deviation from the norm.
 The specific responses must
appear in at least two (2) test
charts.
 The best indication of deception is
the simultaneously specific in the
three (3) tracings of the chart.
Is that there must be specific
responses and the specific
responses must appear
consistently the same in
relevant questions in two or
more charts.
 It must be simple and direct.
 They must not involve legal
terminology, such as rape,
assault, murder killed. etc.
 They must be answerable by
yes or no only and should be as
possible.
 Their meaning must be clear and
phrase in a language the subject can
easily understand.
 They must not be in the form of
accusation.
 Questions must never contain
inference (opinion).
 All questions must refer to one
offense only.
 They must not contain inferences to
one’s religion, race or belief.
 Irrelevant Questions – these questions are
formulated without any specific relationship
with the case under investigation. They are
assigned to established subject’s physiological
norm and to reduce the excitement level
created by a relevant question, in this
question the examiner usually refer to dates,
names of place, subject’s position, etc.

 Relevant Questions – these are the primary or

key questions asked by the examiner in order
to resolve a specific subject matter. Its
purpose is to detect deception, as a result of
this type of question in the polygraph
examination via between chart probing and
interrogation.
a. Sacrifice or DYAT Questions
This is designed to absorb the responses
generally generated by the introduction
of the first relevant question in the
series. It reveals the subject’s norm plus
stimulus and excitement level.
Construction of this question is regarding
the matter under investigation, as “Do
you intent to answer truthfully all the
questions about them”.

Example: Regarding the stolen

wristwatch, you intend truthfully to
answer each question about that?
b. Knowledge Questions

This is the questioned designed to

prove whether the subject possess
information regarding the identity of
the offender, or as to the location of
the evidence or other secondary
elements of the facts of the case under
investigation. The knowledge question
is framed “Do you know who
committed the offense” in the
formulation of the question and review.

Example: Do you know for sure who

stole the wristwatch of Hazel?
Evidence Connecting Questions
This is designed to stimulate the guilty
subject and focus his attention on the
probability of incriminating proof that
would tend to establish his guilt. In
formulating the question the examiner
must secure information from the
investigator as to whether or not
fingerprints, footprints, tools or other
evidences where collected from the crime
scene. The examiners proceeds in asking
the question “Was the evidence found in
(crime scene) yours”

Example: Were the footprints outside the house of Hazel’s yours?

 Control Question (Probable Lie)

This is a question designed to produce a

response in the innocent subject and serves
as a basis for evaluating the subject’s
perceptual set. Control questions would
either be a Primary or Secondary. The
Primary Control question-is based on known
lie. It must concerned about events that
transpired within three to five years period
before the case under investigation
(present) occurred.

Example: of the question is “before

reaching the age of 20, have you ever
stolen anything”
The secondary control question is of
more specific in nature and is based
upon another experience or wrong
doing which will enhance the
opportunity for responsiveness. Its
scope covers up to the present
period. The question of
responsiveness must not be related to
the case under investigation;

Example, “Have you ever committed

any crime in your community or have
you ever stolen anything”.
 Symptomatic Questions
These questions are designed to detect
and evaluate the presence of the
outside issue factor is neither a case
which he is involved, but is nor a
subject matter under investigation.

Example: “Are you now convinced that I

will not ask you any questions aside
from those which we have reviewed? Or
“Are you afraid that I will ask you
about something else which I told you I
would not?
SKY Questions
These three questions grouped together by
Backster confirm the previous charts and
may detect indirect involvement or guilty
knowledge. The “S” stands for suspect; the
“K” stands for know; and the “Y” stands
for you. The “Y” question is the same as
the strong relevant question.
Example: Do you suspect anyone in
particular of stealing Hazel’s wristwatch?
Do you know for sure who stole
Hazel’s wristwatch?
Did you steal Hazel’s wristwatch?
 Control Questions- these
are answerable by NO and
it is designed to produce a
response from an innocent
subject.
Strong Relevant Question-refers to a
verbal motivation of primary importance
projected in a form of a question which
overcomes the psychological excitement
level and causes three major component
tracing change from the subject’s
psychological norm.

Weak Relevant Questions- are secondary

queries which are concerned with the less
important elements of the offense and
deals mostly on guilty knowledge and
partial involvement.
 This test is about the case under
investigation. These are sequence or
relevant, irrelevant and control
qustion asked in a designed order.
The questions are arranged in order
to contrast the subject’s responses
between relevant questions and
control questions.
The answer to the question is
restricted to yes or no only.
 1Q : Irrelevant – Is your first name Juan?
 2Q : Irrelevant – Do you know that today is
Saturday?
 3Q : Weak Relevant – Between 7:30 AM to
12:30 AM of December 25, 2014,
did you open the table drawer of
Mr. Daniel Padilla?
 4Q : Irrelevant - Are you married?
 5Q : Strong Relevant – Were you the one
who actually stole the missing Php
50,000.00 cash money of Mr.
Koko Martin?
 6Q : Control – Before reaching the age of 25
have you ever stolen
anything?
 7Q : Irrelevant – Do you know how to read?
 8Q : Evidence Connecting - Were the bunch
of keys recovered under the
table of Mr. Koko Martin, yours?
 9Q : Knowledge – Do you know who stole the
cash of Mr. Koko Martin?
 10Q: Secondary Control - Have you ever
stolen anything from your current
employment?
 1. To get the standard
tracing of the subject.

 2. To establish a truth telling

pattern for the initial part of
the record.
 This consists of a series of
Relevant and Irrelevant Questions
asked in a planned order.
Questions are so arranged as to
make possible a comparison of
responses to relevant questions with
a subject’s norm made during the
answering of irrelevant questions.
 The number of test required when the
subject indicates deception is at least five
(5) test which may be any of the
foregoing:

●General Question Test- answerable by

“Yes” or “No”, questions in which the
subject knows it to be true. It consists of
a series of irrelevant and relevant
questions ask in a planned manner.
 It is conducted immediately after the completion
of the first test while the pressure cuff is still deflated.
The subject is ask to choose one from seven numbered
cards, take it and return the same without telling the
examiner or otherwise identifying the chosen number.
The card is then shuffled by the examiner and
instruct the subject to answer “No” concerning the cards
when shown. This is to single out which among the answers
given by the subject is a lie.
This is undertaken to stimulate lying subjects into
specific responsiveness to the subsequent relevant
questions and to afford the lying subject an opportunity to
try to distort the polygraph examination tracings which
would result in exposing his deception with respect to the
matter under investigation.
 Peak of Tension Test

Refers to the series of questions in which

only one has a bearing on the matter
under investigation.

This is conducted where there is a

widespread knowledge pertaining to a
crime but the intimate details are known
only by the offender. It is answerable by
“No” only.
 Silent Answer Test

It is a confirmatory test
because the subject is afraid of the
unfamiliar and the unknown. It is an
examination in which the subject is
instructed by the examiner to avoid
audible response to the questions
being asked.
In cases where the subject is overly
responsive, this test is given which consists
of a test pertaining to a purely fictitious
incident of a similar nature to the one
under query. It is designed to compare the
responsiveness on it with those that
appeared on the actual test record
wherein questions are those which pertains
to that which is under Investigation. This
test is designed for diagnostic purpose to
aid in the post examination interrogation
of a lying subject.
 Mixed Question Test
This is consists of an arrangement of first
and third test questions, administered for the
purpose of discounting possible factor of
accidental responses and to compare the degree
of reaction between control and relevant
questions.
The objective of such changes in question
choice of words is to direct the subject’s
attention to certain particular items or situations
and in so doing arouse his concern that his
earlier test records may have disclosed some
deception respecting one or more of the previous
questions.
 4Q : Irrelevant - Are you married?
 1Q : Irrelevant – Is your first name Juan?
 9Q : Knowledge – Do you know who stole the
cash of Mr. Koko Martin?
 6Q : Control – Before reaching the age of 25
have you ever stolen anything?
 2Q : Irrelevant – Do you know that today is
Saturday?
 3Q : Weak Relevant – Between 7:30 AM to
12:30 AM of December 25, 2014, did you
open the table drawer of Mr. Daniel
Padilla?
 10Q: Secondary Control - Have you ever
stolen anything from your current
employment?
 5Q : Strong Relevant – Were you the one who
actually stole the missing Php 50,000.00
cash money of Mr. Koko Martin?
 6Q : Control – Before reaching the age of 25
have you ever stolen anything?
 2Q : Irrelevant – Do you know that today is
Saturday?
 8Q : Evidence Connecting - Were the bunch
of keys recovered under the table of
Mr. Koko Martin, yours?
 10Q: Secondary Control - Have you ever
stolen anything from your current
employment?

PURPOSE:
To compare the degree of reaction between
control and relevant question.
 CHECK QUESTION – last question asked in
the lie test, it is direct question that relates
to the fact that the subject has told the
truth to all questions asked in the lie test.

 FISHING EXPEDITION TEST QUESTION – used

to vagrants or loiters for routine
interrogation. No idea as to what offense has
been committed.
Ex. A. Have you ever been arrested before?
B. Are you wanted anywhere now by the police?
C. Have you stolen anything since you have been in
tour?
During the test, the examiner asks question,
this question becomes verbal stimulus, and the
message is received by the ear and transmitted
to the brain. The brain analyses the question,
if the question is not a threat to the well being
of the subject the thought central center
discards it and the body continue to function
normally. However, when the question is
important to the subject, physiological chain
reaction takes place within his/her body,
which is recorded by the polygraph instrument
and can be evaluated by the polygraph
examiner.
 The origin of such physiological changes is
the hypothalamus, the area of the brain
which acts as the control center for the
integration of emotional expressions. This
ends out the automatic response to physical
and psychological stimulation. When a
warning of danger is perceived, this control
center dispatch message through the nervous
system to prepare the whole organism for
fight or fight defense mechanism. An evident
and manifested result would be an increase
in pulse rate and blood pressure.
No, because
polygraph result is
opinionated.
During the presentation of the defense
they should established the fact that the
polygraph examiner upon request of the
investigator examined the accused and
they would like to offer as evidence the
technical report of the examiner. The
court will accept the evidence based on
the presumption that the polygraph
report is suppressed evidence since the
finding is against the finding of the
investigator.
1. The instrument.
2. The condition of the Subject.
3. The condition of the examination
room.
4. The qualification and skills of the
examiner.
Many countries all over the world
have
utilized polygraph technique as a
method of lie detection. It has been
proven that it is a valuable aid in
investigation. In some
countries, polygraph test results are
admitted as evidence in court. In the
U.S., almost all courts utilized
polygraph and more than one half of
these courts accept it as evidence in
criminal prosecution.
1. Display an air of confidence in the subject’s
guilt.
2. Point out SOME, BUT BY NO MEANS AT ALL,
of the circumstantial evidence indicative of
a subject’s guilt.
3. Call attention to the subject’s physiological
symptoms of guilt.
4. Sympathize with the subject by telling him
that anyone else under similar conditions or
circumstances might have done same thing.
5.Suggest a less revolting and more morally
acceptable motivation or reason for the
offense that which is known or presumed.

6. Reduce the subject’s guilt feeling by

minimizing the moral seriousness of the
offense.

7. Sympathize the subject by:

a. Condemning his victim.
b. Condemning his accomplice.
c. Condemning anyone else upon whom some degree of
moral responsibility might conceivably be placed for the
commission of the crime in question.
8. Utilize displays of understanding and
sympathy in urging the subject to tell the
truth.
9.Point out the possibility of exaggeration on
the part of the accuser or victim or
exaggerate the nature and seriousness of the
offense itself.
10. Have the subject place himself at the scene
of the crime or in some sort of contact with
the victims or the occurrence.
11. Seek an admission of lying about some
incidental aspect of the occurrence.
12. Appeal to the subject’s pride by well-
selected flattery or by a challenge to his
honor.
13. Point out the futility of resistance to
telling the truth.
14. Point out to the subject the grave
consequences and futility of a continuation
of his criminal behavior.
15. Rather than seek a general admission, first
ask the subject a question as to some detail
of the offense or inquire as to the reason for
its commission.
16. When co-offenders are being interrogated
and the previously described techniques have
been ineffective, “play one against the
other.” (Mutt & Jeff Method)
1. Ask the subject if he knows why he is being
questioned.
2. Ask the subject to relate all he knows about
the occurrence, the victim and possible
suspects.
3. Obtained from the subject-detailed
information about his activities before, at
the time of and after the occurrence in
question.
4. Where certain facts suggestive of the
subject’s guilt are known, ask him about
them rather casually and as though the real
facts were not already known.
5. At various interval ask the subject certain
pertinent questions in a manner which
implies that the correct answers are already
known.
6. Refer to some non-existing incriminating
evidence to determine whether the subject
will attempt to explain it away; that the fact
is suggestive of his guilt.
7. Ask the subject whether he ever thought of
committing the offense in question or one
similar of it.
8. In theft cases, if a suspect offers to make
restitution, that fact is indicative of guilt.
9. Ask the subject whether he is willing to take
a Lie-Detector Test. The innocence, whereas
the guilty person is more prone to refuse to
take the test or to find excuses for not taking
it or for backing out his commitment to take
it.
10. A subject who tells the interrogator,”all
right”, I’ll tell you what you want but I
did’nt do it”, is, in all probability, guilty.
1. Interview the victim, the accuser or the discoverer of the
crime before interrogating the suspects.
2. Be patient.
3. Make no promises when asked, “What will happen to me if I
tell you the truth?”
4. View with skepticism the so-called “conscience stricken”
confession.
5. When a subject has made repeated denials of guilt to
previous interrogations, first question him, whenever
circumstances permit, about some other unrelated offense of
a similar nature of which he is also considered to be guilty.
6. An intelligent uneducated criminal suspect with a low
cultural background should be interrogated on a
psychological level comparable to that usually employed in
the questioning of a child respecting an act of wrong doing.
Criminal Case:

1. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-

appellee vs. AMADO DANIEL alias AMADO
ATO” accused – appellant. Supreme
Court Reports Annotated (SCRA), Vol.
86, pp. 551-541.
2.The subject case was docketed
as Criminal Case No. 92-7817 for
Illegal Possession of Firearms,
against DANILO J. BAJAS,before
the National Capitol Judicial
Region, Regional Trial Court of
Makati, Branch 146, Metro
Manila.
3.The subject case was filed by
JUDITH ASILO,charging a crime of
Estafa against MELANIO M. SPORAS
and ELENA FALZON,before the
National Capital Judicial Region,
Regional Trial Court of the City of
Makati, Branch 146, Metro Manila,
docketed as Criminal Case No. 94-
6985.
1. The subject case docketed as Civil Case No.
58092 was filed by CRESENCIA ISAGUIRRE
against ELVIRA ISAGUIRRE, et. Al., for Sum
of money, before the National Capital
Judicial Region, Regional Trial Court of
Pasig, Branch 162, Metro Manila.

2. The subject case docketed as Civil Case No.

91-3453 was filed by JESUSA REYES and
CONRADO B. REYES for sum of Money
against Bank of the Philippine Islands,
National Capital Region,Regional Trial Court
of Makati, Branch 142, Metro Manila.
 In the past 75 years, studies have been
conducted on the accuracy of polygraph testing.
Since many different conditions and factors are
involved in the research and since a polygraph
examination is a very complex process, it is
difficult to draw from the data a precise figure
for the accuracy of polygraph testing in all
settings. Nevertheless, the preponderance of
available information indicates that when a
properly trained examiner utilizes as established
testing procedure, the accuracy of the decisions
made by polygraph examiners is generally on the
range of 85-95% for specific issue investigations.
 Ad Astra Per Aspera!
TO THE STARS THE HARD WAY…

“HE WHO FAILS TO PREPARE MUST

PREPARE TO FAIL!”

Dean
EBL