REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Gonads
Accessory Reproductive Organs
or Primary Sex Organs

PRODUCE

Gametes
Sex hormones
(Sperm and Ova)
 TESTES
• APPROXIMATELY 4
CM (1 1/2 IN) LONG
AND 2.5 CM (1 IN)
WIDE.
• TUNICA ALBUGINEA - FIBROUS CONNECTIVE
TISSUE CAPSULE
• SEPTA (SEPTUM) - EXTENSIONS OF THE CAPSULE
THAT DIVIDE THE TESTIS INTO LOBULES
• SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES - "SPERM-FORMING
FACTORIES"
• RETE TESTIS
• EPIDIDYMIS
• INTERSTITIAL CELLS - CELLS THAT
PRODUCE ANDROGENS
• SCROTUM - SKIN SAC THAT HANGS
OUTSIDE THE BODY CAVITY AND
HOLDS THE TESTES
 DUCT SYSTEM

• EPIDIDYMIS
• HIGHLY COILED
TUBE ABOUT 6 M (20
FT) LONG THAT
COVERS THE
EXTERNAL SURFACE
• TEMPORARY
STORAGE SITE FOR
IMMATURE SPERM
• DUCTUS DEFERENS (OR VAS
DEFERENS)
• "CARRYING AWAY"; PROPEL LIVE
SPERM AWAY
• EJACULATION (EJAC = TO SHOOT
FORTH)
• ENCLOSED IN A CONNECTIVE TISSUE
SHEATH CALLED THE SPERMATIC
CORD
• THE END EXPANDS AS THE AMPULLA,
EMPTIES INTO THE EJACULATORY
DUCT (MERGES WITH THE URETHRA)
• URETHRA
• CARRIES URINE AND SPERM TO THE EXTERIOR
(BUT NEVER AT THE SAME TIME)
• HAS 3 REGIONS:
• PROSTATIC URETHRA
• MEMBRANOUS URETHRA
• SPONGY (PENILE) URETHRA - OPENS TO THE EXTERIOR
VIA THE EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE
 ACCESSORY GLANDS AND
SEMEN

• SEMINAL VESICLES
• LOCATED AT BASE OF THE BLADDER
• PRODUCE 60% OF SEMINAL FLUID, THE FLUID
VOLUME OF SEMEN
• THICK, YELLOWISH SECRETION: RICH IN SUGAR, VIT.
C, PROSTAGLANDINS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
WHICH NOURISH AND ACTIVATE THE PASSING SPERM
• JOINS THE DUCTUS DEFERENS TO FORM THE
EJACULATORY DUCT
• PROSTATE
• SINGLE, DONUT-SHAPED GLAND THAT
ENCIRCLES THE UPPER PART OF THE
URETHRA
• MILKY FLUID SECRETION: ACTIVATES
SPERM
• BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
• TINY, PEA-SIZED GLANDS
• THICK CLEAR MUCUS: CLEANSES THE
URETHRA OF TRACES OF ACIDIC URINE
PRIOR TO EJACULATION, AND SERVES AS
A LUBRICANT DURING INTERCOURSE
• SEMEN
• MILKY WHITE, SOMEWHAT STICKY MIXTURE OF
SPERM AND ACCESSORY GLAND SECRETIONS
• ACTS AS A TRANSPORT MEDIUM FOR NUTRIENTS
AND CHEMICALS THAT PROTECT THE SPERM
AND AID THE MOVEMENT
• DILUTES SPERM
 QUICK FACT:

THERE ARE 50-150 MILLION SPERM PER ML.

• CHARACTERISTICS
• FRUCTOSE (ENERGY FUEL)
• ALKALINITY (PH 7.2-7.6)
• ANTIBIOTIC CHEMICALS
• SEMINALPLASMIN (DESTROYS BACTERIA)

• RELAXIN (RELAXES THE GIRL'S

MUSCLES)
• OTHER ENZYMES AND
SUBSTANCES
 EXTERNAL GENITALIA

• SCROTUM - DIVIDED
SAC OF SKIN WITH
SPARSE HAIRS THAT
HANGS OUTSIDE THE
ABDOMINAL CAVITY, AT
THE ROOT OF THE PENIS
• PENIS - DESIGNED TO
DELIVER INTO THE
FEMALE INTO THE
FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
 PENIS
• SHAFT, ENDS IN AN ENLARGED TIP,
GLANS PENIS.
• PREPUCE, OR FORESKIN, CUFF OF SKIN
AT THE PROXIMAL END OF THE GLANDS
• ERECTILE TISSUE IS A SPONGY TISSUE
THAT FILLS WITH BLOOD DURING
SEXUAL EXCITEMENT, ERECTION (HELPS
PENIS PENETRATE)
MALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS

• SPERMATOGENESIS
("SPERM
PRODUCTION")
SPERMATOGONIA,
PRODUCE:
• TYPE A DAUGHTER
CELL (STAYS &
MAINTAINS THE STEM
CELL POPULATION)
• TYPE B DAUGHTER
CELL (MOVES TO THE
LUMEN & BECOMES
PRIMARY
SPERMATOCYTE)
PRIMARY
SPERMATOCYTE,
UNDERGOES MEIOSIS
AND FORMS 4 SPERM
• MEIOSIS - CONSISTS OF 2 SUCCESSIVE
DIVISIONS OF THE NUCLEUS RESULTING IN 4
DAUGHTER CELLS, GAMETES.
HAVE ONLY HALF AS MUCH GENETIC
• SPERMATIDS -
MATERIAL AS THE OTHER BODY CELLS
• HAVE TO UNDERGO FURTHER CHANGES TO
BECOME MOTILE AND FORM A TAIL
• SPERMIOGENESIS - LAST STAGE OF
DEVELOPMENT FORMING MATURE SPERM,
WITH 3 REGIONS:
• HEAD - CONTAINS PACKED DNA
• ACROSOME - HELPS SPERM PENETRATE EGG CELL
• MIDPIECE - HOLDS THE MITOCHONDRIA
• TAIL - PROPELS THE SPERM FORWARD
 TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION

• INTERSTITIAL CELLS PRODUCE

TESTOSTERONE, ACTIVATED BY
LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH).
• STIMULATES ADOLESCENT GROWTH SPURT
• PROMPTS REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS TO DEVELOP
• SEX DRIVE
• SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
• MALE SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS:
• DEEPER VOICE
• INCREASED HAIR GROWTH
• ENLARGED SKELETAL
MUSCLES (INCREASED
MUSCLE MASS)
• INCREASED HEAVINESS OF
SKELETON
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• OVARIES
• OVARIAN FOLLICLES
-OOCYTE ("EGG CELL") - IMMATURE EGG
• FOLLICLE CELLS - ENLARGES AND
DEVELOPS:
-ANTRUM - FLUID-FILLED CENTRAL REGION
• VESICULAR OR GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE -
MATURE EGG
• CORPUS LUTEUM – YELLOW BODY
• MATURE EGG (VESICULAR FOLLICLE)
IS READY FOR

OVULATION.
• EJECTION FROM THE OVARY.
• OCCURS EVERY 28 DAYS.
Three Ligaments that secure the ovaries

• SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS -LATERAL

• OVARIAN LIGAMENTS - MEDIAL
• BROAD LIGAMENTS - ENCLOSING
 DUCT SYSTEM

• UTERINE (FALLOPIAN TUBES)

• UTERUS
• VAGINA Uterine or Fallopian tubes

• RECEIVE THE OVULATED OOCYTE

• PROVIDE A SITE FOR FERTILIZATION
• 4 INCHES LONG
• DISTAL END EXPANDS AS THE, INFUNDIBULUM WHICH HAS FINGERLIKE
PROJECTIONS CALLED FIMBRIAE
• FIMBRIAE CARRY THE OOCYTE INTO THE UTERINE TUBE, ALONG WITH
PERISTALSIS AND THE BEATING OF CILIA.
• UTERUS ("WOMB")
• A HOLLOW ORGAN THAT FUNCTIONS
TO RECEIVE, RETAIN AND NOURISH A A
FERTILIZED EGG
• ANCHORED ANTERIORLY AND
POSTERIORLY BY THE ROUND AND
UTEROSACRAL LIGAMENTS,
RESPECTIVELY
• 3 MAIN PARTS:
• BODY
• FUNDUS
• CERVIX
• 3 LAYERS OF THE UTERUS WALL:
• ENDOMETRIUM - WHERE IMPLANTATION OCCURS
• MYOMETRIUM - BULKY MIDDLE LAYER COMPOSED
OF INTERLACING BUNDLES OF SMOOTH MUSCLES;
PLAYS AN ACTIVE ROLE DURING DELIVERY OF A
BABY
• PERIMETRIUM - AKA VISCERAL PERIMETRIUM
 VAGINA
• EXTENDS FROM CERVIX TO THE BODY EXTERIOR
• AKA BIRTH CANAL; PROVIDES A PASSAGEWAY FOR
DELIVERY OF A BABY AND FOR THE MENSTRUAL
FLOW
• HYMEN - THIN FOLD OF MUCOSA CLOSING THE DISTAL
END
EXTERNAL GENITALIA
VULVA
MONS PUBIS ("MOUNTAIN ON THE
PUBIS")
LABIA MAJORA
HAIR-COVERED SKIN FOLDS,
ENCLOSING THE:
•LABIA MINORA - DELICATE, HAIR-
FREE FOLD
•VESTIBULE - CONTAINS THE
URETHRAL ORIFICE
GREAT VESTIBULAR
GLANDS
MUCUS-PRODUCING GLANDS
CLITORIS
SMALL PROTRUDING STRUCTURE
THAT CORRESPONDS TO THE MALE
PENIS
PERINEUM
DIAMOND SHAPED REGION BETWEEN
THE ANTERIOR END OF THE LABIAL
FOLDS.
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
FUNCTION AND CYCLES
• A FEMALE’S REPRODUCTIVE ABILITY USUALLY BEGINS DURING PUBERTY
AND ENDS IN HER FIFTIES OR BEFORE.
OOGENESIS:
• “THE BEGINNING OF AN EGG”.
• A PROCESS IN WHICH OVA OR FEMALE GAMETES ARE PRODUCED.

IN THE DEVELOPING FEMALE FETUS, OOGENIA, THE FEMALE STEM CELLS,

MULTIPLY RAPIDLY TO INCREASE THEIR NUMBER, AND THEIR DAUGHTER
CELLS, PRIMARY OOCYTES, PUSH INTO THE OVARY CONNECTIVE TISSUE
WHERE THEY BECOME SURROUNDED BY A SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS TO FORM
PRIMARY FOLLICLES.
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE
IT STIMULATES A SMALL NUMBER OF PRIMARY FOLLICLES TO GROW AND
MATURE EACH MONTH. THESE CYCLIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR MONTHLY IN
THE OVARY CONSTITUTE THE OVARIAN CYCLE.
• THE REPRODUCTIVE LIFE OF A FEMALE IS AT BEST ABOUT 40 YEARS (FROM
THE AGE 11 TO APPROXIMATELY 51)
• AS A FOLLICLE PERSUADED BY FSH GROWS LARGER, IT ACCUMULATES
FLUID IN THE CENTRAL CHAMBER CALLED ANTRUM, AND THE PRIMARY
OOCYTES IT CONTAINS REPLICATES ITS CHROMOSOMES AND BEGINS
MEIOSIS.
• THE FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION PRODUCES TWO CELLS THAT ARE VERY
DISSIMILAR IN SIZE. THE LARGER CELL IS A SECONDARY OOCYTE AND THE
OTHER, VERY TINY CELL IS A POLAR BODY.
• FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT TO THIS STAGE TAKES ABOUT 14 DAYS, AND
OVULATION OCCURS AT JUST ABOUT THAT TIME IN RESPONSE TO THE
BURSTLIKE RELEASE OF A SECONDARY ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE,
LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH).
• THE OVULATED SECONDARY OOCYTES IS STILL SURROUNDED BY ITS
FOLLICLE-CELL CAPSULE, NOW CALLED CORONA RADIATA (“RADIATING
CROWN”).
• THE OOCYTE UNDERGOES SECONDARY MEIOTIC DIVISION THAT PRODUCES
ANOTHER POLAR BODY AND THE OVUM.
 UTERINE (MENSTRUAL) CYCLE

•THE EVENTS OF THE UTERINE, OR

MENSTRUAL, CYCLE ARE THE CYCLIC
CHANGES THAT THE ENDOMETRIUM GOES
THROUGH MONTH AFTER MONTH AS IT
RESPONDS TO CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF
OVARIAN HORMONES IN THE BLOOD.
 3 Stages of Menstrual Cycle

 DAYS 1-5: MENSTRUAL PHASE

• DURING THIS PHASE, THE
ENDOMETRIUM SLOUGHS OFF FROM THE UTERINE
WALL AND BLEEDS FOR 3 TO 5 DAYS.
• THE DETACHED TISSUES AND BLOOD PASS THROUGH
THE VAGINA AS THE MENSTRUAL FLOW.
• AVERAGE BLOOD LOSS: 50 TO 150 ML.
• BY DAY 5, MORE ESTROGENS ARE PRODUCE.
 3 Stages of Menstrual Cycle

 DAYS 6-14: PROLIFERATION PHASE

• STIMULATED BY RISING ESTROGEN
LEVELS, ENDOMETRIUM REGENERATES,
ENDOMETRIAL GLANDS FORM, AND
ENDOMETRIAL BLOOD SUPPLY INCREASES.
• IN RESPONSE TO SUDDEN SURGE OF
LH, OVULATION OCCURS AT THE END OF THIS
PHASE.
 3 Stages of Menstrual Cycle

 DAYS 15-28: SECRETORY PHASE

• ENDOMETRIAL BLOOD SUPPLY
INCREASES EVEN MORE BECAUSE OF THE RISING
LEVELS OF PROGESTERONE.
• ENDOMETRIAL GLANDS INCREASES IN
SIZE AND BEGIN SECRETING NUTRIENTS THAT
WILL SUSTAIN A DEVELOPING EMBRYO UNTIL IT
HAS IMPLANTED.
• IF FERTILIZATION OCCURS, THE EMBRYO
PRODUCES LH WHICH IN TURN CAUSES THE
CORPUS LUTEUM TO CONTINUE PRODUCING
PROGESTERONE.

• IF FERTILIZATION DOES NOT OCCUR, THE

LH BLOOD LEVELS DECLINE WHICH CAUSES THE
CORPUS LUTEUM TO DEGENERATE.
 Estrogen

• THIS HORMONE IS PRODUCE BY THE FOLLICLE

CELLS OF MATURE FOLLICLES.
• THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE APPEARANCE
• Estrogen also has metabolic effects:
OF SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS IN YOUNG
• It helps maintain low total blood cholesterol levels
WOMAN.
• It facilitates calcium uptake
 Progesterone

• THIS HORMONE IS PRODUCED BY CORPUS LUTEUM.

• IT DOES NOT CONTRIBUTE TO THE APPEARANCE OF
SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS.
• DURING PREGNANCY, IT INHIBITS CONTRACTION OF THE
MYOMETRIUM SO THE IMPLANTED EMBRYO WILL NOT BE
ABORTED.
• IT ALSO PREPARE THE BREASTS FOR MILK PRODUCTION.
• HOWEVER, ITS SOURCE DURING PREGNANCY IS THE
PLACENTA, NOT THE OVARIES.
 Mammary Glands

• MAMMARY GLANDS ARE MILK-PRODUCING

GLANDS THAT ARE FOUND IN THE BREASTS.
• MAMMARY GLANDS ARE MODIFIED SWEAT
GLANDS.
• AREOLA IS A PIGMENTED AREA LOCATED
BELOW THE CENTER OF EACH BREAST.
• NIPPLE IS A CENTRAL PROTRUSION THAT IS
SURROUNDED BY AREOLA.
• EACH LOBE CONTAINS LOBULES OR SMALL
LOBES WHICH IN TURN CONTAIN CLUSTERS OF
ALVEOLAR GLANDS.
• FROM THE GLANDS, THE MILK ARE PASS INTO
LACTIFEROUS DUCTS, WHICH OPEN TO THE
OUTSIDE OF THE NIPPLE.
• THESE GLANDS PRODUCE THE MILK FOR
LACTATION.
 Accomplishing Fertilization

• THERE ARE LOTS OF REQUIREMENT TO ACHIEVE FERTILIZATION (LIKE THE NUMBER

OF DAYS OR HOURS)
• THE SPERM ARE ATTRACTED TO THE OOCYTE BY CHEMICALS, ALLOWING THEM TO
LOCATE THE OOCYTE
• ONLY A FEW HUNDRED TO A THOUSAND OF SPERM CAN ENTER THE EGG BECAUSE OF
THE VAGINA’S ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT
• ACROSOMAL REACTION – THE ACROSOME MEMBRANES BREAK DOWN, RELEASING
ENZYMES THAT DIGESTS HOLES IN THE OOCYTE MEMBRANE
• WHEN THE MEMBRANE IS WEAKENED, A SINGLE SPERM WILL BE PULLED TO THE
OOCYTE CYTOPLASM AND MEIOTIC DIVISION WILL OCCUR
• FERTILIZATION – OCCURS AT THE MOMENT THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF SPERM
COMBINES WITH THAT OF AN OVUM TO FORM A FERTILIZED EGG, OR A ZYGOTE.
 EVENTS OF EMBRYONIC AND
FETAL DEVELOPMENT
• CLEAVAGE - A 4-CELL STAGE. EARLY STAGE OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.
• MORULA – A TINY BALL OF 16 CELLS THAT LOOKS LIKE A MICROSCOPIC RASPBERRY
• BLASTOCYST OR A CHORIONIC VESICLE – BALL-LIKE STRUCTURE
• IT SECRETES HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
(HCG), WHICH PRODS CORPUS LUTEUM OF THE OVARY TO CONTINUE PRODUCING HORMONE.

2 IMPORTANT FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF BLASTOCYST:

• TROPHOBLAST WHICH FORM LARGE FLUID-FILLED SPHERE
• INNER CELL MASS IS A SMALL CLUSTER OF CELLS DISPLACED TO ONE SIDE
• 3 PRIMARY GERM LAYERS FORMED FROM THE INNER CELL MASS:
• ECTODERM WHICH GIVES RISE TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE EPIDERMIS OF THE SKIN
• ENDODERM WHICH FORM MUCOSAE AND ASSOCIATED GLANDS
• MESODERM
• AFTER IMPLANTATION, TROPHOBLAST DEVELOPS CHORIONIC VILLI,
WHICH COMBINES WITH MOTHER’S UTERINE TISSUES TO FORM THE
PLACENTA.
• AMNION, A FLUID-FILLED SAC, IS ATTACHED TO THE PLACENTA BY
UMBILICAL CORD.
• BY THIRD WEEK OF PREGNANCY, THE PLACENTA FUNCTIONS TO DELIVER
NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN TO OR REMOVE WASTE FROM EMBRYONIC
BLOOD.
• BY THE END OF SECOND MONTH OF PREGNANCY, THE PLACENTA
PRODUCES HORMONES TO MAINTAIN PREGNANCY.
• BY EIGHTH WEEK OF PREGNANCY, ALL ORGAN SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN
FORMED. THE EMBRYO LOOKS DISTINCTLY HUMAN.
• BY NINTH WEEK OF PREGNANCY, THE EMBRYO IS REFERRED TO AS FETUS.
FETAL GROWTH AND ORGAN SPECIALIZATION ARE MAJOR ARE EFFECTS
OF FETAL PERIOD.
• BY APPROXIMATELY 270 DAYS AFTER FERTILIZATION (THE END OF THE
THIRD LUNAR MONTH), THE FETUS IS SAID TO BE FULL-TERM AND IS
READY TO BY BORN.
 Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother
• PREGNANCY. THE PERIOD FROM CONCEPTION TO THE BIRTH OF THE
BABY.
• ANATOMICAL CHANGES
• UTERUS ENLARGES (RIBS FLARE, THORAX WIDEN)
• WOMAN’S CENTER OF GRAVITY CHANGES
• DEVELOPS LUMBAR CURVATURE- LORDOSIS
• RELAXIN – CAUSES PELVIC LIGAMENTS AND THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS TO
RELAX,WIDEN AND BECOME MORE FLEXIBLE
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES:
 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
• MORNING SICKNESS
• HEARTBURN
• CONSTIPATION
 URINARY SYSTEM
• FREQUENT, URGENT, UNCONTROLLABLE URINATION
• STRESS INCONTINENCE
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• NASAL CONGESTION
• NASAL BLEEDING
• RESPIRATORY RATE INCREASES
• DYSPNEA
 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• BODY WATER RISES
• BLOOD VOLUME INREASES
• BLOOD PRESSURE AND PULSE RISE
• CARDIAC OUTPUT INCREASES
• IMPAIRED VENOUS RETURN
 CHILDBIRTH
• IT IS ALSO CALLED PARTURITION (BRINGING FORTH YOUNG), IS THE
ACCUMULATION OF PREGNANCY.
• IT OCCURS 280 DAYS FROM THE LAST MENSTRUAL PERIOD
• LABOR IS A SERIES OF EVENTS THAT EXPEL THE INFANT FROM THE UTERUS
INITIATION OF LABOR
• DURING LAST FEW WEEKS OF PREGNANCY, ESTROGENS REACH THEIR HIGHEST
LEVELS IN THE MOTHER’S BLOOD.
• CONSEQUENCES:
• IT CAUSES THE MYOMETRIUM TO FORM OXYTOCIN RECEPTOR
• IT INTERFERES WITH PROGESTERONE’S EFFECT
• BRAXTON HICKS CONTRACTION A WEAK, IRREGULAR UTERINE CONTRACTIONS
• CERTAIN CELLS OF THE FETUS PRODUCE OXYTOCIN THAT STIMULATES PLACENTA
TO RELEASE PROSTAGLANDINS.
 • THE RISING LEVELS OF OXYTOCIN AND PROSTAGLANDINS
INITIATE CONTRACTIONS TRUE LABOR
3 Stages of Labor
Stage 1: Dilation stage (6-12 hours)
As labor starts, weak contraction at the upper part of the uterus
move downward toward the vagina.
Contraction becomes vigorous.
Amniotic fluid is release by the ruptured amnion.
Stage 2: Expulsion stage
A period from full dilation to the delivery of the infant.
When the infant is in the vertex position, the skull acts as
wedge that dilates the cervix.
First birth: 50 minutes
Subsequent birth: 20 minutes
Stage 3: Placental stage (15 minutes after birth)
Delivery of the placenta.
Placenta and its attached fetal membrane are collectively
called afterbirth.
Postpartum bleeding (bleeding after birth)
 Developmental Aspects of the
Reproductive System

• MALE SEX CHROMOSOMES: XY

• FEMALE SEX CHROMOSOMES: XX
• GONADS BEGIN TO FORM AT THE EIGHT WEEK OF PREGNANCY.
• INDIFFERENT STAGE. A STAGE WHEN EMBRYONIC REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES OF
MALES AND FEMALES ARE IDENTICAL.
• THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF TESTOSTERONE DETERMINES WHETHER MALE OR
FEMALE STRUCTURES WILL FORM.
• PUBERTY
• BETWEEN THE AGES OF 10 AND 15 YEARS
• A PERIOD WHEN REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS GROW AND BECOME FUNCTIONAL.
• PUBERTY IN BOYS:
• ENLARGEMENT OF TESTES AND SCROTUM (13TH YEAR)
• APPEARANCE OF PUBIC, AXILLARY, AND FACIAL HAIR
• GROWTH OF THE PENIS GOES ON AFTER 2 YEARS
• PRESENCE OF MATURE SPERM IN SEMEN
• ERECTIONS AND NOCTURNAL EMISSIONS
• PUBERTY IN GIRLS:
• BUDDING BREAST (11TH YEAR)
• MENSTRUAL PERIOD OCCURS 2 YEARS LATER
• FERTILITY TAKES 2 MORE YEARS
• MENARCHE REFERS TO THE FIRST MENSTRUAL PERIOD.
• MENOPAUSE REFERS TO THE EVENT WHERE OVULATION
AND MENSES CEASES ENTIRELY, ENDING CHILDBEARING ABILITY.
• DURING MENOPAUSE, THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITIES END
AND REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS BEGIN TO ATROPHY DUE TO
DEPRIVATION OF ESTROGEN.
• MOOD CHANGES, VASODILATION, HOT FLUSHES, SKIN THINNING, LOSS
OF BONE MASS, AND RISING CHOLESTEROL LEVELS MAY OCCUR.
Estrogen-containing hormone replacement
therapy
• 51% INCREASE IN HEART DISEASE
• 24% IN BREAST CANCER
• 31% IN STROKE
• DOUBLING INCREASE OF DEMENTIA
• IN CONTRAST, THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE CAPABILITY DOES NOT
APPEAR TO DECLINE SIGNIFICANTLY TO AGING MEN.
HYPERTROPHY OF PROSTATE GLAND STRANGLES THE URETHRA, WHICH:
• MAKES URINATION DIFFICULT
• INCREASES RISK OF CYSTITIS (BLADDER INFECTION) AND KIDNEY DAMAGE
Prostatitis - inflammation of prostrate
Prostatic cancer - slow-growing, hidden condition; 3rd most prevalent cancer in men

• If testosterone is not produced:

Sexual infantilism - male reproductive organs remain childlike and secondary sex
characteristics don't appear
Sterility
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID)
• SEVERE INFLAMMATION SOMETIMES CAUSED BY GONORRHEA AND OTHER STD'S
• CAN CAUSE INFERTILITY
Cancer of the cervix
• common among women ages 30-50
• risk factors: cervical inflammation, STD's, multiple pregnancies, many sexual partners
• Pap smear - most important diagnostic test
Cancer of the Breast
• Change in skin texture, puckering, or leakage from the nipple.
• Mammography – X-ray examination that detects breast cancers.
Abortion – termination od pregnancy by loss of a fetus during the first weeks of
pregnancy
Pseudohermaphrodites – external genitalia that do not “match” their gonds
Hemaphrodites – rare individuals who possess both ovarian and testicular tissues
Phimosis – narrowing of the foreskin of the penis, and misplaced urethral openings
Cryptorchidism – failure of the testes to make their normal descent
Vaginal infections – commonly the Escherichia coli, gonorrhea, syphilis and
herpesvirus; and yeasts (type of fungus)
URETHRITIS, PROSTATITIS AND EPIDIDYMITIS ARE THE MOST
COMMON INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS IN MEN
ORCHIDITIS – INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTES, IS RATHER
UNCOMMON BUT SERIOUS BECAUSE IT CAN CAUSE STERILITY
MENOPAUSE – ESTROGEN PRODUCTION DECLINES, OVULATION
BECOMES IRREGULAR, AND MENSTRUAL PERIODS BECOME SCANTY
AND SHORTER IN LENGTH. NORMALLY OCCURS 46-54 YEARS OLD