Class X Chapter 1 Internet Basic

Chapter : 1
Internet Basics
Introduction
The internet in simple terms is a network of the interlinked
computers(network of networks), which is accessible to the general public.
These interconnected computers work by transmitting
data through a special type of
Packet switching which is known as
the IP or the internet protocol.
What is the Internet?
To understand what the Internet is, we must first learn some networking
basics.
What is a Network?
A computer network is a group of computers that use a set of common
communication protocols over digital interconnections for the purpose of
sharing resources located on or provided by the network nodes.
Components of internet
There are three parts to an Internet connection:
• The client
• The server
• The connection linking them
This configuration is called the client/server model. In the client/server model, one program
requests a service from another program. The client makes a request; the server answers the
request with a service. The client and server communicate with each other by both physical
(hardware) and logical (software) links.
Client
 A client consists of a desktop computer (hardware).
 A program (software) that requests information from the server.
The program usually resides on a personal computer. An example
of such a program is a Web browser. When you want to see a
particular Web site, the browser handles your request.
Components of internet
Server
Typically a server is a remote device shared by many users. A server can be, a machine that
stores a particular resource you want to use, such as a database or Web pages.
A machine that performs specific functions such

as sending and receiving e-mail.
Servers are available commercially from
companies including Sun Microsystems, IBM,
Unisys, Dell, Compaq, and NCR. The figure below
illustrates the relation between a client and server
connected through local and regional Internet
Service Providers ( ISPs).
World Wide Web{WWW}
The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is an information
system where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource
Locators (URLs, such as https://www.example.com/), which may be interlinked
by hypertext, and are accessible over the Internet. The resources of the WWW are
transferred via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and may be accessed by users
by a software application called a web browser and are published by a software
application called a web server.
Web Server
A Web server is software or hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
and other protocols to respond to client requests made over the World Wide Web
(WWW). Web server software controls how a user accesses hosted files. It is
accessed through the domain names of websites and ensures the delivery of the
site's content to the requesting user.
The primary function of a web server is to store, process and deliver web pages to
clients.
Web Server & Server
Web Server Services
A. Serving Web Pages
B. Running Gateway Program
C. Monitoring And Logging All Access
D. Server Side Scripting
Application Server Services
Application server is a program that handles all application operations between users
and an organization's backend business applications or databases.
Website
A website is a collection of web pages and related content that is identified by a
common domain name and published on at least one web server.
Notable examples are wikipedia.org, google.com, amazon.com etc.
Components of a web site
1) Web host
Group of linked webpages qualify to be called a website only when hosted on a webserver.
2) Address
This is the address of the website (also called URL of the website).
3) Homepage
Every website has a home page. It is the first web page that appears when viewers go to a website.
4) Design
It is the overall look and feel the website has a result of proper use and integration elements like
navigation menus, layout etc.
5) Content
All the webpages contained in the website together make up the content of the website.
6) The Navigation Structure
The navigation structure of a website is order of the pages, the collection of what links to what.
Usually it is held together by at least one navigation menu.
Website Vs Webportal
• .
Web Browser
A web browser takes you anywhere on the internet. It retrieves information from other parts
of the web and displays it on your desktop or mobile device. The information is transferred
using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which defines how text, images and video are
transmitted on the web. This information needs to be shared and displayed in a consistent
format so that people using any browser, anywhere in the world can see the information.
The most popular web browsers that are used today are Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome,
Microsoft Internet Explorer, Apple Safari and the Opera browser. These browsers are free and
available for download and use.
Web Browser
Chrome, Mozilla, Example Example

Firefox, Internet Graphical Text Only Lynx
Explorer etc
Blogs
A blog (shortening of “weblog”) is an online journal or informational website
displaying information in the reverse chronological order, with the latest posts
appearing first. It is a platform where a writer or even a group of writers share their
views on an individual subject.
Purpose of a blog:- There are many reasons to start a blog for personal use and only a
handful of strong ones for business blogging.
What differentiates blogs from websites?
• Blogs need frequent updates. Good examples include a food blog sharing meal
recipes or a company writing about their industry news.
• Blogs promote perfect reader engagement. Readers get a chance to comment and
voice their different concerns to the viewer. Static websites, on the other hand,
consists of the content presented on static pages.
Blogs
What is blogging?
Blogging is the set of many skills that one needs to run and control a blog. Equipping
web page with tools to make the process of writing, posting, linking, and sharing
content easier on the internet.
Who is a blogger?
A blogger is someone who runs and controls a blog. He or she shares his or her
opinion on different topics for a target audience.
Types of Blogs
Here are five of the most common types of blogs:
1: Personal Blog
2: News Blog
3: Company Blog
4: Micro Blog
Micro Blog:
A micro blog is a short piece of content designed for quick audience interactions. Micro
blogging is a combination of instant messaging and content production. With a micro
blog, you share short messages with an online audience to improve engagement. Social
channels like Twitter, Instagram, Facebook offer popular platforms for micro blogging.
Advantage and Disadvantage of Blogs
URL {Uniform Resource Locator}
URL {Uniform Resource Locator}
URL is the abbreviation of Uniform Resource Locator and is defined as the
global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web. To visit this
website, for example, you'll go to the URL www.webopedia.com.
We all use URLs to visit webpages and other resources on the web. The URL is an
address that sends users to a specific resource online, such as a webpage, video or
other document or resource. When you search Google, for example, the search results
will display the URL of the resources that match your search query.
:Elements of a URL:
 Protocol
 The name / address of the server on the Internet
 The location of the file on the server
Domain Name
The name always has two or more parts separated by a dot. The last part of the name
identifies the site
Top-Level Domains:
o .edu – Educational Institutions
o .com – Company / Commercial Organizations
o .org – Non-profit Organizations
o .net – Network, network of sites
o .mil – Military Installations
o .gov – Government sites
Sub Domains:
o .in - India
o .jp - Japan
o .uk – United Kingdom
Protocols
A communication protocol is a system of rules that allow two or more entities of a
communications system to transmit information via any kind of variation of a physical quantity.
(A set of rules which used for communication in computer system is called Protocol.)
Types of Protocols :
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Internet Protocol (IP)
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• Post office Protocol (POP)
• Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
What is HTTP?
HTTP is the set of rules for transferring hypertext

(text, graphic, image, sound, video etc) on WWW.
HTTP means Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. HTTP is the underlying protocol used by

the World Wide Web and this protocol defines how messages are formatted and transmitted,
and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands.
For example, when you enter a URL in your browser, this actually sends an HTTP command to the
Web server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page. The other main standard
that controls how the World Wide Web works is HTML, which covers how Web pages are
formatted and displayed.
What is HTTPS ?
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is

the secure version of HTTP, which is the primary
protocol used to send data between a web
browser and a website. HTTPS is encrypted in
order to increase security of data transfer. This
is particularly important when users transmit
sensitive data, such as by logging into a bank
account, email service, or health insurance
provider.
Newsgroup
A news group or forum is like a community bulletin board. You can post a message, reply to a message or just read message
related to news.
Example:
• Alt.tennis
• Alt.astrology
Advantages of newsgroups
• Provide all the formation.
• You will be able to find a FAQ (frequently asked questions) section on a newsgroup,
which is always helpful for those who are not sure of anything.
Disadvantages of a newsgroup
• A newsgroup is not as quick as an email or even a mailing list.
• Very often there will be a delay of at least a day, often longer, before a response is given.
• Another disadvantage to a newsgroup is that the information on them is submitted by people who may have no real
idea of what they are talking about, so you need to be aware of this potential flaw and keep your mind open to
alternatives.
Thank You

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Chapter : 1

A machine that performs specific functions such

Chrome, Mozilla, Example Example

HTTP is the set of rules for transferring hypertext

HTTP means Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. HTTP is the underlying protocol used by

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is

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