INTERNET AND WORLD By: Dr.

Shakeel Iqbal
WIDE WEB
WHAT IS INTERNET?
A network of networks
Internet is a network made of lots of interconnected
networks.
It is a wide area network.
It is a wonderful and surprising achievement in the field
of computer science.
Internet support companies, and just about every type of
other organization.
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 HISTORY OF INTERNET
The Internet began in 1969, as an experimental four–computer network
called ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency), which was designed by
the U.S Defense Department so that research scientist could communicate .
In approximately two years , ARPAnet grew to about two dozen sites and
by 1981, consisted of more than two hundred sites .
In 1990, ARPAnet was officially disbanded and the network , which now
consisted of hundreds of sites , came to known as the Internet.

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HOW INTERNET WORKS?
There is no particular organization that controls the Internet.
Different networks of private companies , government agencies ,
research organizations , universities etc are interconnected together.
Internet is a huge collection of millions of computer, all linked
together on a network.
Network allows all the computers to communicate with each other.
A home computers are connected to the internet using phone line
modem DSL (Digital Subscribe Line) or cable modem that
communicate to ISP( Internet service providers)
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HOW INTERNET WORKS?
ISPs then connect to the large ISPs , and the largest ISPs
maintain fiber-optic backbones” for entire region.
Backbones around the world are connected through the fiber-
optic lines, under sea cables or satellite links.
In this way every computer on the Internet is connected to
every other computer on the Internet.
ISP: It is a company that provides the internet connection to
the users . There are many ISP companies in each big cities of
each country of the world.
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 WHAT IS INTRANET AND
EXTRANET
Intranet:
An organization network through which files and messages are exchanged among the
users of an organization only is called the Intranet. This type of network uses the same
protocol as used in the Internet but through the intranet the information can not
exchanged outside the organization.
Extranet :
An extranet is a network of multiple intranets . It means that different companies are
connected together for the collaboration among the companies. On an each extranet
each company connected gives selected rights to employees of one or more other
companies to access its intranet in order to communicate and share information and
ideas relevant to that companies.
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SERVICES OF INTERNET
The internet provide a number of services such as :
World Wide Web
Chatting
News Groups
Electronic E-mail
FTP
Electronic E-Commerce

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WORLD WIDE WEB
The world wide web is the fastest growing part of the internet.
The World Wide Web is a world wide information service on the
internet.
This is a graphical environment that allows the text and pictures to
be displayed on your screen.
WWW uses special software called web Browsers and TCP/IP,
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) and a web server to function.
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CHATTING
People are talking to other people all around the world.
They enter to the chat room in order to chat with other
people.
They send messages to each other, discuss ideas and
events.
They are using different services like MSN Messenger
and Yahoo Messenger.
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NEWS GROUPS
News groups are included in internet.

They can be accessed with the help of your Internet

Browsers and enable us to take part in the discussion of
interest with like-minded people from around the
world.
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ELECTRONIC MAIL ( E-
MAIL)
This service is available over the internet enabling to
send and receive the messages on the global basis.
People uses e-mail for anything for which they might
uses paper mail, faxes , special document or telephone
lines.
You can communicate globally for the cost of local
phone call.
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FTP (FILE TRANSFER
PROTOCOL)
FTP is simply a way to transfer the files to and from the internet.
FTP is not just a protocol but also as a service and an application.
FTP provides the facility to transfer the files between two
computers running different operating system .
FTP is a service for copying the files from one computer to
another computer.
For two computers to actually make use of the service of FTP ,
both computers requires a special application software. FTP is an
application for copying files
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ELECTRONIC E-COMMERCE
This is the modern way for selling and
buying goods over the internet in a secure
manner.
Credit cards are used for payment.
Many services are available for handling
credit cards over the internet with security.
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ADDRESSING SCHEMES
The purpose of the internet is to establish a connection
between large numbers of computers all over the world.
Computer can send and receive the data to each other.
On the Internet every computer has a unique address with a
reference of this address a computer can communicate with
other computer on the internet. There are two types of
addressing schemes recognized on internet .
o IP addressing
o DNS addressing
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IP ADDRESSING
IP stands for internet protocol.
It is a unique identifier for a node on the Internet.

It is a numerical address with four numbers separated by dots i-e 216.27.16.137.

For the internet to function smoothly each machine has a unique IP address.

The four numbers in the IP address are called octets and have a value between 0
to 255.

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IP ADDRESSING
A server has a static IP address that does not change.
A home computer that is dialing up through a modem often
has an IP address provided by ISP. That IP is unique for the
session but may be different for the next time when machine is
connected.

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 DNS ADDRESSING
DNS stands for Domain Name System.
The human readable name assigned to the computer (server) on the
Internet is called Domain name.
 It is common and unique text name. For example, “hotmail.com” is
permanent and human readable name.
 It is easier to remember than IP address.
The domain “hotmail.com” actually has two parts a host name and top-
level domain(TLD). The top-level domain represents the institution ,
which uses the address . It comes at the end of domain name separated
with dot(.) and specifies the type of domain .
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DNS ADDRESSING
Domain Type of institution

.com Business

.edu Educational
institutions
.gov Government
organizations
.mil Military organizations

.org Other organizations

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WEBSITE TERMINOLOGIES
The most important parts of the World Wide Web are the
elements such as servers , pages, hot links and more ,all of
which comprises the volume of the WWW . The following are
some related terms you may see:
Website
Home page
Link
HTTP
Webmaster
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WEB SITE TERMINOLOGY
Domain Name
Uniform Resource Locator
Internet Service Provider
Browser
Client
Hot list

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WEB SITE TERMINOLOGY
Web Site:
A collection of World Wide Web documents , usually consisting of a
home page and several related pages . You might think of a web site as
an attractive electronic book.
Home Page:
Frequently, the “ cover ” of a particular Website . The home page is
the main , or the first page displayed for an organization or person’s
World Wide Web site.

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WEB SITE TERMINOLOGY
Link:
Short for “ hypertext link ” . A link provides the path that connects you from one
part of World Wide Web document to another part of the same document , a
different document , or another resource. A link usually appeared as a uniquely
colored word that you can click to be transported to another web page.
HTTP:
Stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. It is a protocol for accessing World
Wide Web documents . It is primary access method for interacting with Internet.
Allows computers on the WWW to communicate with one another.

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WEB SITE TERMINOLOGY
HTML:
Stands for “ Hyper Text Markup Language ” . HTML is a coding
language for the World Wide Web that informs the web browsers how to
display a document text, links , graphics and other media. This language
forms the foundation for all Web pages.
Webmaster:
The individual responsible for maintaining and updating the content of
World Wide document . Webmaster are the creative forces behind the
World Wide Web.
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WEB SITE
TERMINOLOGY
Domain Name
The portion of the Internet address (URL) following the double forward
slashes (//) that identifies an Internet host site .Domain name are usually
two or more terms separated by periods. Some example are
WWW.Isf.com.pk , WWW.Ucp.edu.pk, WWW.microsoft.com .
Uniform Resource Locator(URL)
A URL serves as identification for all the World Wide Web documents .
It is an Internet address for locating Internet elements , such as server
sites , documents , files and so on.

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 URLS
Stands for Uniform Resource Locator
Also called the Web page’s address
You typically type it into your Web browser’s location bar when
you want to view a Web page

http://www.umbc.edu
Protocol needed to Name of
communicate with Web server
Web server

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 WEB SITE TERMINOLOGY
Internet Service Provider(ISP):
ISP is a company that sells computer access to the Internet. A user buys a subscription from Internet service
Provider, which gives the user an identifying name and password and a phone number. With his or her computer
modem , the user calls and connect to and log on to the service provider’s computer. ISP also supports to high
speed dial up access , such as digital subscriber line(DSL) , cable modem or a satellite , if available in the area.

Browsers:
A software program that request , interprets and presents World Wide Web documents . Frequently used Web
Browsers include Internet Explorer , Netscape Communicator , Mozilla Firefox.

Client:
In addition to being a computer , a client also can be software program that request and acquires information from
computers that store World Wide Web documents and files. World Wide Web Browsers are also called clients .

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WEB SERVERS AND CLIENTS
A Web server is a computer that is programmed to send
files to browsers on other computers connected to the
Internet.
The Web browser, such as Firefox or Internet Explorer,
is the client that sends a request for a Web page.
The Web server answers the request and delivers the
requested page to the browser so you can view it.
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 WEB SERVER
 The server computer runs special software called “Web Server”
software that allows :
Web Site management
Accept Client’s request for information
Respond to a client’s request by providing the page with required information.
 Some of the most popular software, which servers run to allow
them to respond to client request for information, is Internet
Information Server (I.I.S), Apache Web Server, Netscape server and
Microsoft Personal web Server.

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 WEB CLIENT OR WEB
BROWSERS
 Computer that offers the facility to read information
stored on web pages is called “Web Client ”.
 Web Clients runs special software called a “Browsers”
that allows them to:
 Connect to appropriate Server
 Query the server for the information to be read
 Provides an interface to read the information returned by the server.
 Some of the most popular Browser software that clients
run to allow them to query Web Servers for information is
Netscape Communicator , Internet Explorer.
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WEB SERVER-CLIENT
DIAGRAM

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POP SERVER
In computing, the Post Office Protocol (POP) is an application-layer Internet
standard protocol used by local e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a remote
server over a TCP/IP connection.
POP and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) are the two most prevalent
Internet standard protocols for e-mail retrieval. [2] Virtually all modern e-mail clients
and servers support both.
The POP protocol has been developed through several versions, with version 3
(POP3) being the current standard
POP3, sometimes referred to as just "POP," is a simple, standardized method of
delivering e-mail messages. A POP3 mail server receives e-mails and filters them
into the appropriate user folders. When a user connects to the mail server to retrieve
his mail, the messages are downloaded from mail server to the user's hard disk.

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INTERNET APPLICATION
E-mail
 understanding Email Addresses
Routing of Email
Instant Messaging
Collaborative Computing
 Grid
Social networking
Forums
Societies
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USING E-MAIL
The only internet service that is more frequently used than the web is
electronic mail.
E-mail is a system for exchanging messages through a computer network.
E-mail was one of the first uses of the internet, and quickly became a popular
feature because it lets user exchange messages from anywhere in the world.
E-mail is less expensive than using the telephone because there is no charge
for using it, beyond the regular fees you pay your ISP.
Email is a faster way to communicate than postal mail because e-mail
messages typically reach their destination in seconds rather than days.
Ability to attach data.
E-mail is not a real time communications system.
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 E-MAIL ADDRESSES
Account on internet
Unique address
Unique name
When you send an e-mail message is stored on a server until the
recipient can retrieve it. This type of server is called a mail server.
Many mail server use the post office protocol & are called POP
server.
POP server are maintained for storing and forwarding e-mail
messages.
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USING AN E-MAIL PROGRAM
Creating a message or compose.
Receiving and reading a message
 Reply
Print
Forward
Delete

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 MORE FEATURES ON THE
INTERNET
News
FTP
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) and web based chat
Online services

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 INTERNET RELAY CHAT (IRC) &
WEB BASED CHAT
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a form of real-time Internet text messaging
(chat)
It is mainly designed for group communication in discussion forums, called
channels.
It also allows one-to-one communication via private message.
Example:
mIRC is a popular Internet Relay Chat client used by millions of people,
and thousands of organizations, to communicate, share, play and work with
each other on IRC networks around the world. Serving the Internet
community for over a decade, mIRC has evolved into a powerful, reliable
and fun piece of technology.

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INTERNET RELAY CHAT (IRC) &
WEB BASED CHAT
Web Based Chat
Allows users to communicate in real time using easily
accessible web interfaces.
It is a type of internet online chat distinguished by its
simplicity and accessibility to users who do not wish to
take the time to install and learn to use specialized chat
software.
Only a web browser is required to chat.
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ROUTING OF E-MAIL
Email routing is performed based entirely on the
destination address of the email message.
An email address has the following format: username @
domain.
The local mail server then performs a DNS lookup to find
the 'MX' (mail exchanger) records for the recipient's domain
name.
These MX devices are the designated mail servers for all
email addresses within that domain.
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ROUTING OF E-MAIL
The local server then attempts an SMTP connection
to each of the MX servers until a connection is
successful.
It forwards the message to the remote server and
ends the connection.
The remote mail server then either repeats this
process, forwarding the message closer to the
proposed recipient, or may deliver the message
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 COLLABORATIVE
COMPUTING
Collaborative computing is a term describing a variety
of activities where people interact with one another using
desktops, laptops, palmtops, and sophisticated digital
cellular phones.
As computers are best at handling data and representing
information, person-to-person communication is enriched
by an ability to share, modify, or collaboratively create
data and information.

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GRID COMPUTING
Grid computing has emerged as one of the key
computing pattern enabling large-scale and
enhanced scientific activities to be carried out via
collaborations on a global scale.
Grid Computing enables the virtualization of
distributed computing, data resources and the
network bandwidth to create a single system image.
Grid computing is based on an open set of
standards and protocols that enable communication
across heterogeneous, geographically dispersed
environments.
They are often connected to each other through
fast LAN
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 SOCIAL NETWORKING
A social network is a social structure made of individuals (or organizations)
called "nodes," which are connected by one or more specific types of
interdependency, such as friendship, kinship, financial exchange, dislike, or
relationships of beliefs, knowledge or status.
Social networking is the grouping of individuals into specific groups, like
small rural communities or a neighborhood subdivision. Although social
networking is possible in person, especially in the workplace, universities,
and high schools, it is most popular online.

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 SOCIAL NETWORKING: FORUMS AND
SOCIETIES
Yahoo! Groups http://groups.yahoo.com/ Yahoo! Groups is a social
network with an huge community.
Create, search for, and join discussion groups to chat with people who
share similar interests.
Search for groups by keyword, or browse for groups by category
including business & finance, computers & Internet, cultures &
community, entertainment & arts, family & home, games, government &
politics, health & wellness, hobbies & crafts, music, recreation & sports,
regional, religion & beliefs, schools & education and science.

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 SOCIAL NETWORKING: FORUMS AND
SOCIETIES
Google Groups http://groups.google.com/ Create, search for, and join discussion
and mailing groups on Google Groups.
Browse for groups by category or search by keyword.
Tour Google Groups to discover the latest features, and learn how to create your
own group, browse existing groups, and communicate easily.
 The Google Groups help site includes answers to frequently asked help questions.
Visit the FAQ to learn more about Google Groups. Get help from other Google
Group users in the Google Groups Guide discussion forum.

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