Models of The Universe

MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE
PTOLEMY
You should know our name before you can proceed.

UNIVERSE
EARTH
If Earth is the center of the universe, it is called
Geocentric.
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
 Aristotle’smodel of the Universe was a

development of that of Eudoxus who had
also studied under Plato.
 It had a series of 53 concentric, crystalline,
transparent spheres rotating on different axes.
 Under the geocentric model, the Sun, Moon,
stars, and planets all orbited Earth.
 Aristotle believed the universe is finite in

space but exists eternally in time.
 Aristotle used the Prime Mover concept.
 The prime mover came from the Latin word primum

movens, it is an idea advanced by Aristotle as the main
cause (or first uncaused cause) or "mover" of all
motion in the universe.
 Prime Mover is the 27 “buffering” spheres between

the celestial spheres of Eudoxus and an outermost
sphere.
 According to Aristotle, the order of heavenly bodies in the
universe was Earth, moon, Mercury, Venus, sun, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, the fixed stars, and the firmament of the
Prime Mover.
 In Medieval times, the Roman Catholic
Church adopted this idea and considered
Prime Mover as God and the sphere of the
firmament as heaven.
 Aristotle argued that there were four fundamental
elements, fire, air, water and earth with the properties
of cool, moist, hot and dry.
 In Aristotle's system there was no such
thing as void space.
 In Aristotle's Cosmology, each of these four

elements (earth, water, fire and air) had a
weight.
 Earth was the heaviest because its natural place is at
the center, water less so, and air and fire as the lightest.
 Aristotle divided the universe into two
realms – the terrestrial and the
celestial – with the orbit of the moon
as the boundary.
 Below the moon’s orbit was the

terrestrial realm or earthly.
 For Aristotle, the terrestrial is a place

of birth and death.
 At or above the moon’s orbit was the

celestial realm or heavenly.
 Aether is also called quintessence,
it is the material that fills the
region of the universe above the
terrestrial sphere.
According to Aristotle, Earth is a sphere
because of these reasons:
1.) It is only at the surface of a sphere that all
objects fall straight down.
2.) the view of the constellations changes
3.) the shadow of Earth on the moon

 Aristotle’s model was based on the
three types of terrestrial motion:
• natural
• violent
• alteration
 Natural motion or the vertical motion is related
to the tendency of an object to seek its natural
place in the universe.
 Heavy elements move toward Earth while

lighter ones move up.
 Violent motion or the horizontal motion is when
terrestrial objects compelled and moved in unnatural
ways by the application of force.
 Today we recognize that friction with the air or where

surfaces are in contact, is the cause of the loss of
motion, and it is friction that must be overcome to
keep an object moving.
 Alteration is the ability of an object to change
and this change can be generation, corruption or
alteration in quality.
 It is referred to what we would call chemical

change today.
 Generation means “coming to be” while
corruption means “passing away”.
 Alteration in quality is when an object changing

its shape from rectangular to circular.
PRIME MOVER
EROVM RMEIP
GOD
DGO
HEAVEN
NEEVHA
TERRESTRIAL
LIARSTEETRR
CELESTIAL
LIALEECST
PTOLEMY’S MODEL
 The Greek mathematician Apollonius, known in his
time as “The Great Geometer”. He introduced the idea
of epicycle to explain the planetary motion.
 The Greek astronomer Hipparchus refined this model

by considering that Earth was off-center or eccentric in
the deferent where the sun moved.
 Around 140 AD, Ptolemy devised a more complex
epicyclic model. He defined a point on the other side of
the deferent center and called it the equant.
 When viewed at the equant, the epicycle
orbited Earth at a constant rate.
 Eccentric motion is where planets or

terrestrial bodies travelling at uniform speed
on a circular path as they moved at their
epicycle’s circumference being Earth as its
center.
 The greek not only knew that Earth was
round. They also knew the circumference of
Earth (25 000 miles).
 Erastosthenes measured it in 235 BCE using

trigonometry and the knowledge of the angle
of elevation of the sun at noon.
 In Ptolemy’s model, each planet has its own epicycle
and deferent and revolves around the earth. And
Ptolemy’s model lasted for more than 14 centuries.
APOLLONIUSintroduced the idea of
epicycle to explain the planetary motion.
a. Apollonius
b. Apollo
c. Aristotle
It is a Circle which planets move EPICYCLE
a. Deferent
b. Epicycle
c. Equant
It a big circular path where the Epicycle
rotates.
a. Deferent
b. Epicycle
c. Equant
PTOLEMYdevised a more complex epicyclic model.
He then introduced and defined a point on the other side
of the deferent center and called it the equant.
A. PTOLEMY
B. ARISTOTLE
C. EXODUS
Ptolemy’s model of the universe lasted for
more than _______.
14 years
a. 15
b. 14
c. 16

Models of The Universe

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What were the three types of motion in Aristotle's model?

What were the three types of motion in Aristotle's model?

What were the two realms in Aristotle's model of the universe?

What were the two realms in Aristotle's model of the universe?

MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE

You should know our name before you can proceed.

 Aristotle’smodel of the Universe was a

 Aristotle believed the universe is finite in

 The prime mover came from the Latin word primum

 Prime Mover is the 27 “buffering” spheres between

 In Aristotle's Cosmology, each of these four

 Below the moon’s orbit was the

 For Aristotle, the terrestrial is a place

 At or above the moon’s orbit was the

2.) the view of the constellations changes

3.) the shadow of Earth on the moon

 Heavy elements move toward Earth while

 Today we recognize that friction with the air or where

 It is referred to what we would call chemical

 Alteration in quality is when an object changing

 The Greek astronomer Hipparchus refined this model

 Eccentric motion is where planets or

 Erastosthenes measured it in 235 BCE using

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