Critical Thinking: Tutorial (Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence)

Critical Thinking
Tutorial
(Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence)
Quick Recap
What is a Fallacy??
There is an error in reasoning that will

weaken your argument …
Quick Recap
Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence
● Inappropriate Appeal to Authority https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iu1ecw1I7y0
● Appeal to Ignorance https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGF8v0uECP8
● False Alternatives https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Q25fApNZI0
● Loaded Question
● Questionable Cause
● Hasty Generalizations https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kuS2ScZnHQ
● Slippery Slope https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wylfMowmNhc
● Weak Analogy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGc2C10uFRs
● Inconsistency
Quick Recap
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
This is the fallacy occurs when an Arguer uses a person’s Authority as
evidence for a claim to be true
(Person A is an Authority on subject S .. If Person A makes claim C about
S, therefore C is true .. )
Example:
My Mother is a Led Zeppelin fan, and
She said that the Rolling Stones released
Some Girls in 1960’s.
Quick Recap
Appeal to Ignorance
Claiming that something is true because no one has proven that it is false or
vise versa..
(Look there is no Evidence on the issue on the hand, therefore you must
accept my Conclusion!)
Example:
“I have never seen a Rainbow,
so there is no such a thing.”
Quick Recap
False Alternatives (Black and White Fallacy)
Based on “EITHER-OR”, it is a type of fallacy that two choices only are
presented…
(No Middle Ground) ..
Example:
“Drink water everyday and be
healthy, or continue drink soda
And be unhealthy.”
Quick Recap
Loaded Question
A Question containing assumptions
“Complex Question with false assumptions” and it is impossible to answer
it without accepting it and appearing guilty..
Example :
“Have you stopped eating Junk Food?!”
Other Examples:
Quick Recap
Questionable Cause
Occurs when someone assumes that there is a correlation between two
things in other words “ One caused another”
Examples:
Quick Recap
Questionable Cause
3 Different Types:
1. Post Hoc Fallacy: is committed when an arguer assumes, without
adequate evidence that because one event A occurred before another event
B, A is the cause of B
2. Mere Correlation Fallacy: is committed when an arguer assumes without
sufficient evidence that because A & B regularly occur together, A must be
the cause of B or vice versa.
3. Oversimplified Cause Fallacy: is committed when we assume without
adequate evidence, that A is the sole cause of B, when in fact there are
several cause of B.
Quick Recap
Hasty Generalization
When the arguer applies a belief to a larger population from small sample
“Stereotyping”
Example:
● A Man died while running in Chicago Marathon.Therefore, Marathon
running is dangerous..
● There was a fight at school today,

Violence is a growing problem in schools.
Quick Recap
Slippery Slope
Someone argues that if one event is allowed to happen, that other negative
consequence will surely follow..
Example:
“If you get a credit card then,

You will overspend and you will be
unable to make your payments”
Quick Recap
Weak Analogy
occurs when a person draws a comparison between two concepts, situations or
things to link them together in an argument, even though the connection
between the two is not strong enough..
Examples:
Quick Recap
Inconsistency
This Fallacy occurs when we accept a claim that logically conflicts with other
claim we hold “CONTRADICTION”
Example:
Application Time!
Mention for each Argument the Fallacy
the Arguer did …
1
No! Don’t eat that piece of chocolate today
it is one piece, tomorrow you are going to
gain 20 lbs.
Slippery Slope
2
Guns should be extremely strict and be incredibly
difficult to a acquire a gun.
Many respected people as Brad Pitt have expressed
their support of this movement.

3
I thought you cared about other people but I didn’t
see you at the fundraiser for Harn’s Family.
False Alternatives
4
The more I talk to fast-food cashiers the fatter I get.
Questionable Cause
5
Scientists have not found any evidence of Bigfoot.
Therefore, anyone who claims to have been Bigfoot
must be hallucinating.
Appeal to ignorance
6
“When did you stopped smoking?!.”
Loaded Question
7
“My Brother likes to eat Pizza and French fries and
he is fit, Now I can say that Pizza and fries are
healthy and don’t really make a fat person.”
8
I do think You are an adult, and can make your own
decisions, but deciding whether to have a drink you
will have to wait until the age of 21.
Inconsistency
9 “Guns are like Hammers-they are both tools with
metal parts that could be used to kill someone, so it
would be ridiculous to restrict the purchase of
hammers-so restrictions on purchasing guns are
equally ridiculous “
Weak Analogy
10
If we gave them an inch, they will take a mile.
Slippery Slope
11
“I never said most of the things I said”.
Inconsistency Fallacy
12
Government is like Business-since Businesses strive
to make profit so should Government!
Weak Analogy
13
Old Doc. Perkins says he has an eighty-years old
friend who can run a 100 yard in less than 10
seconds, Old doc is one of the most trusted
members of this community.

14
Child to Parent: Either you buy me this new book or

you decide that reading is not important at all.”
False Alternatives
15
“The Three Teachers came in previous classes used
bright markers, then all Teachers in this school
prefer using bright markers.”
16
When Flowers bloom in spring, Birds also begin to

sing.
Questionable Cause
16
My Cousin Jake is a doctor at ST. hospital, Jack said
there is a cure for cancer, therefore it is true that
there is a cure for cancer.

17
Scientists have not proven that the disease
mentioned can’t be transmitted through casual
contact. Therefore, no need for us to keep away
from this disease carriers.
Appeal to ignorance
18
“Did you stop hitting your Son?”
Loaded Question
19
I failed in my logic exam, because I am a Pisces, and

the teacher is Leo!
Questionable Cause
20
“There is no evil in the world. Though evil exists
in some parts of the world, we will overcome
sooner or later”.
Inconsistency Fallacy
21
If you are not afraid of haunted houses, you
shouldn’t be afraid of dark Alleys, Both are
creepy, dimly lit, and have the potential for
someone to jump out at you.
Weak Analogy
Questions???
Thank
You!

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Critical Thinking

There is an error in reasoning that will

● There was a fight at school today,

“If you get a credit card then,

Inappropriate Appeal to Authority

Inappropriate Appeal to Authority

Child to Parent: Either you buy me this new book or

When Flowers bloom in spring, Birds also begin to

Inappropriate Appeal to Authority

“Did you stop hitting your Son?”

I failed in my logic exam, because I am a Pisces, and

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