The Intel 4004 Microprocessor, Which Was Introduced in 1971 Was The First Microprocessor

Microprocessor history and background
The CPU ("central processing unit," synonymous with "microprocessor," or even simply "processor")
A microprocessor is a type of integrated circuit or chip and is the heart of every computer.
 Is often referred to as the "brain" of the computer.
 The motherboard and processor are the parts that define computer capabilities.

The Intel 4004 microprocessor, which was introduced in 1971 was the first microprocessor.
 Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce developed the Integrated Circuits (IC)
 Ted Hoff invented the “very large integrated circuits” (VLSI) which gave rise to the design of the
first microprocessor (intel 4004)
 In 1968, Noyce and Gorden Moore co-founded “intel”
 The 4004 contained only 2300 transistors and performed 60,000 calculations per second.
 It runs conventional computer programs with multitasking capability (handling many tasks).
Microprocessor history and background Cont’d
Microprocessor History and Architecture
Architecture of Microprocessor
Architecture of Microprocessor
 Microprocessor is a single IC package in which a number of useful functions are integrated and
fabricated on a single silicon semiconductor chip.
 Its architecture consists of a

• central processing unit,
• memory modules,
• a system bus and
• an input/output unit.
1. The system bus connects the various units to facilitate exchange of information and consists of the
following to perform data exchanging in a proper manner.
i. Data bus
ii Address bus and
iii Control buses
2. The Central processing unit consists of:

i One or more arithmetic logic unit (ALU),
ii Registers,
iii Control unit.
A microprocessor consists of general purpose and special type of registers to execute instructions and to store the
address or data while running the program
3. The Memory unit holds the program as well as data and is divided into a processor, primary and
secondary memory.
4. The Input and output unit interfaces the I/O peripheral devices to microprocessor for accepting and
sending information.
MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM
The microprocessor system is a device that is generally designed as a circuit that repeatedly retrieves an
instruction from an external memory source and then performs the operation indicated.
MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM Cont’d
Some necessary components of a microprocessor system in addition to the microprocessor

integrated circuit are:
• Peripherals
• Memory (RAM),
• Cache,
• Bus system,
• ROM,
• EPROM, etc.
MICROPROCESSOR APPLICATIONS
A microprocessor based systems is used in:

• Instructions,
• Automatic testing product,
• Speed control of motors,
• Traffic light control,
• Light control of furnaces etc.
• Data acquisition systems.
• Multi user,
• Multi-function environments.
• Military applications.
Microcontroller and Microprocessor
What is the difference between a microcontroller and a microprocessor?
Key difference in both of them is presence of external peripheral:
 Microcontroller has RAM, ROM, EEPROM embedded in it
 Microprocessor use external circuits
 Microcontroller is compact because all peripherals are on single chip
 Microprocessor is bulky

Different Applications of Microcontroller
 Consumer Electronics Products: Toys, Cameras, Robots, Washing Machine, Microwave Ovens etc
 Instrumentation and Process Control: Oscilloscopes, Multi-meter, Leakage Current Tester, Data Acquisition and
Control etc.
 Medical Instruments: ...
 Communication: ...
 Office Equipment: ...
 Multimedia Application: ...
 Automobile
MICROPROCESSOR KEY POINTS
The evolution of computers has been characterized by:
• Increasing processor speed
• Decreasing component size
• Increasing memory size
• Increasing I/O capacity and speed

MICROPROCESSOR KEY POINTS Cont’d
Factor responsible for the great increase in processor speed
• Shrinking size of microprocessor components
This reduces the distance between components and hence increases speed.
 However, the true gains in speed come from the organization of the processor,
including heavy use of pipelining and parallel execution techniques
All of these techniques are designed to keep the processor busy

 Critical issue in computer system design is balancing the performance of the various
elements so that gains in performance in one area are not handicapped by a lag in other
areas.
 For instance, processor speed has increased more rapidly than memory access time.
 A variety of techniques used to compensate for this mismatch include:

• Caches
• Multi-processor (SMP & AMP)
• Wider data paths from memory to processor,
• More intelligent memory chips.
GENERATION OF MICROPROCESSOR
1st Generation: This was the period between 1971 to 1973 of microprocessor’s history.
 INTEL 4004 and 8008 (4 - bit) microprocessor that run at a clock speed of 108 KHz.
 Rockwell international PPS-4,
 National semiconductors IMP-16
But, all these were not TTL compatible processors.
2nd Generation: Period during 1973 to 1978 in which very efficient 8-bit microprocessors were
implemented.
 Motorola 6800 and 6801,
 INTEL-8085
 Zilogs-Z80,
Owing to their superfast speed, they were costly and were based on NMOS technology
fabrication.
Generation of Microprocessor Cont’d
3rd Generation: Period during 1978 to 1980; 16-bit processors were created and designed using HMOS
technology.
 INTEL 8086/80186/80286
 Motorola 68000 and 68010 were developed.
Speeds of those processors were four times better than the 2nd generation processors.
4th Generation: From 1981 to 1995 this generation developed 32-bit microprocessors by using HCMOS
fabrication.
 INTEL-80386
 Motorola’s 68020/68030
5th Generation: From 1995 to until now this generation has been bringing out high-performance and
high-speed processors that make use of 64-bit processors. Such processors include Pentium, Celeron,
Dual, Quad core and i-core processors.
Generation of Microprocessor Cont’d
64-Bit Chips
64-bit chips have been available since 1992, but much of the 64-bit microprocessor era has been dominated by the battle between
Intel and AMD due to legal controversy and corporate intrigue.
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Established 1969

Once regarded as a manufacturer of cheap chips for low-end machines, AMD's started earning real respect within
the I.T. community with its Athlon 64 and Opteron lines, including its economy-class Sempron 64 processors that had
Intel scrambling to play catch-up with AMD.
These established AMD credibility as a manufacturer of reasonably priced, high-quality processors, a departure from
its copy-cat nature from Intel.

Thus, microprocessor has evolved through all these generations, and the fifth generation
microprocessors represent advancement in specifications.
GROWTH IN PROCESSOR PERFORMANCE
Growth in processor performance over 40 years. (Hennessy & Patterson, 2019)

INTEL PROCESSOR FAMILY HISTORY
Each generation provides four times faster speed than the previous generation, accompanied by
declining cost and declining access time.
Intel Processor Family History Cont’d
Intel Processor Family History Cont’d
Question:
In Intel 8086 microprocessors, why is the segment register content appended by 0 to generate the
physical address?
End of Module Assessment (EMA)
1. What is a Microprocessor in one sentence?
2. What is the name of the first µp ever invented and in what bit and year was it introduced?
3. What is a Microcontroller in one sentence?
4. Which year was Intel 8086 Microprocessor introduced and what is the Address Bus Width?
5. Differentiate between a Microprocessor and Microcontroller? (2 marks)
6. Which of this result in excellent load sharing? a) AMP b) SMP
7. The 5th generation of Microprocessor started in what year and what are their characteristics?
8. What are the factors responsible for the great increase in Microprocessor speed?
9. What are the four components that make up the CPU?
10. Name the three System Bus lines that connect the various units to facilitate exchange of
information?

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Microprocessor history and background

Microprocessor History and Architecture

 Its architecture consists of a

2. The Central processing unit consists of:

Some necessary components of a microprocessor system in addition to the microprocessor

A microprocessor based systems is used in:

The evolution of computers has been characterized by:

• Increasing processor speed

• Decreasing component size

• Increasing memory size

• Increasing I/O capacity and speed

Factor responsible for the great increase in processor speed

• Shrinking size of microprocessor components

All of these techniques are designed to keep the processor busy

 A variety of techniques used to compensate for this mismatch include:

Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Established 1969

Growth in processor performance over 40 years. (Hennessy & Patterson, 2019)

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