ONE KEY TO SUCCESS IN TACTICAL

MISSIONS IS THE ABILITY TO MOVE

UNDETECTED TO THE OBJECTIVE. THE
PROPER EXECUTION OF LAND
NAVIGATION AND TACTICAL
TECHNIQUES GO HAND IN HAND IN A
MOVEMENT OPERATIONS.

WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

IN MOVEMENT AND ROUTE SELECTION ?
 WHERE AM I ?

YOU WILL DETERMINE YOUR LOCATION BY

USING DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES.
 WHERE AM I GOING ?

THE SOLDIER HAS TO KNOW THE FOLLOWING

INFORMATION:

• THE DIRECTION OR AZIMUTH TO THE OBJECTIVE

• THE DISTANCE TO THE OBJECTIVE
• THE LENGTH OF TIME NEEDED TO REACH THE
OBJECTIVE
• THE TYPE OF TERRAIN OR MAN-MADE FEATURES TO
THE OBJECTIVE.
• THE GENERAL TERRAIN OF THE OBJECTIVE
 HOW DO I GET THERE FROM HERE ?

• CAREFUL EXAMINATION OF THE MAP AND TERRAIN AND

ANALYZING ALL POSSIBLE ASPECTS OF THE MISSION.

• COVER AND CONCEALMENT TO AVOID DETECTION

• STRAIGHT LINE MOVEMENT TO BE AVOIDED.

• SELECTION OF PRIMARY AND ALTERNATE ROUTES.

• KEEP TRACKOF THE TRAVELLED DISTANCE.

 OVERVIEW

1. MAPS AND MARGINAL INFORMATION

2. CONTOURS AND TERRAINS
3. MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM
4. DISTANCES
5. PROTRACTOR AND COMPASS
6. FINDING LOCATIONS IN THE MAP
7. LAND NAVIGATION
 MAP
is a graphical representation,
drawn to scale, of a portion of
the earth’s surface as shown
from above.

Small scale - 1
 Maps are classified according
to the following scale.

 Small scale
 Medium scale
 Large scale

Small scale - 1
 1. SMALL SCALE

MAP AT SCALE OF
1 : 600,000 AND SMALLER
ARE USED FOR GENERAL
PLANNING AND STRATEGIC
STUDIES AT HIGHER
ECHELONS.

Medium scale - 1
 2. MEDIUM SCALE

MAPS AT SCALE LARGER

THAN 1 : 600,000 BUT
SMALLER THAN 1 : 75,000 ARE
USED FOR PLANNING
OPERATIONS, INCLUDING THE
MOVEMENT OF TROOPS AND
SUPPLIES.

Large scale - 1
 3. LARGE SCALE

MAPS AT SCALE OF 1 : 75,000

AND LARGER ARE USED TO
MEET THE TACTICAL,
TECHNICAL & ADMINISTRATIVE
NEEDS OF FIELD UNITS. THE
STANDARD SCALE IS 1 : 50,000

Types of map – 1, 9
 1 : 600,000
SMALL SCALE AND SMALLER

MAP GROUND

1 : 600,000 BUT
MEDIUM SCALE SMALLER THAN
1 : 75,000

MAP GROUND

1 : 75,000
LARGE SCALE
AND LARGER

MAP GROUND
1ST Bde “C” Coy
25 Bn
th

3rd Bde 26th Bn

“B” Coy
2nd Bde “A” Coy
27th Bn

1st Inf Div Map 3rd Bde Map 27th Bn Map

SMALL SCALE MEDIUM SCALE LARGE SCALE
1 : 600,000 1 : 600,000 but 1 : 75,000
and smaller smaller than AND LARGER
1 : 75,000
 TYPES OF MAPS
1. PLANIMETRIC – REPRSENTS ONLY THE
HORIZONTAL POSITIONS FOR THE
FEATURES REPRESENTED.
2. TOPOGRAPHIC MAP – PORTRAYS TERRAIN
FEATURES, HORIZONTAL POSITIONS OF
THE FEATURES REPRESENTED.
3. PHOTOMAP – REPRODUCTION OF AN AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPHS AND IN WHICH OTHER
SIGNIFICANT DATA HAVE BEEN ADDED.
4. JOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHICS – DESIGNED
FOR JOINT AND GROUND OPERATIONS.
5. PHOTOMOSAIC MAP – ASSEMBLY OF
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS.

6. TERRAIN MODEL – SCALE MODEL OF THE

FEATURES BEING REPRESNTED.

7. MILITARY CITY MAP – A TOPOGRAPHIC

MAP OF A CITY SHOWING FEATURES OF
MILITARY IMPORTANCE.

8. SPECIAL MAP – DESIGNED OR MODIFIED

TO GIVE INFORMATION NOT COVERED IN
A STANDARD MAP.
MARGINAL INFORMATION
 SHEET NAME

THE SHEET NAME IS FOUND IN TWO

PLACES. THE CENTER OF THE UPPER
MARGIN AND EITHER THE LEFT OR RIGHT
SIDE OF THE LOWER MARGIN.

A MAP IS NAMED AFTER THE MOST

PROMINENT CULTURAL OR GEOGRAPHICAL
FEATURES. WHENEVER POSIBLE THE
NAME OF THE LARGEST CITY / TOWN IS
USED.

Map (sheet name) – 1

 SHEET NAME

Sheet nr - 1
 SHEET NUMBER

THE SHEET NUMBER IS FOUND

IN TWO PLACES: THE UPPER
RIGHT MARGIN AND THE
LOWER RIGHT MARGIN.

IT IS USED AS A REFERENCE
NUMBER FOR THAT MAP SHEET.

Map (sheet nr) - 1

 SHEET NUMBER:
SHEET 3261 IV

Series name - 1
 SERIES NAME: LUZON

Scale - 1
 SCALE - 1 : 50,000

Series nr (map) - 1
 SERIES NUMBER

• Found in both the upper right

margin and the lower left
margin. (Series s711)

Edition nr - 1
 EDITION NUMBER: EDITION
1 – AMS (AFFE)

Index to boundaries - 1
INDEX TO BOUNDARIES
INDEX TO BOUNDARIES
1 A

B 2
TANAUAN
4
C
3 7
5
6

A. Prov of Cavite
1. Tagaytay Mun
2. Silang
B. Mun
Prov of Batangas
3. Talisay Mun
4. Tanauan Mun
5. Malvar
C. Mun
Prov of Laguna
6. Los Banos Mun
7. Calamba Mun
ELEVATION GUIDE

TANAUAN

HIGHEST

HIGH

MEDIUM

LOW
 ADJOINING SHEETS DIAGRAM

Bar scale - 1
ADJOINING SHEETS DIAGRAM

TANAUAN 3262 III

3162 I 3262 IV 3262 I

3I62 II 3262 III 3262 II

3161 I 3261 IV 3261 I

 BAR SCALES

Declination diagram - 1
GRAPHIC (BAR) SCALE – IS A RULER PRINTED ON
THE MAP AND IS USED TO CONVERT DISTANCES
ON THE MAP TO ACTUAL GROUND DISTANCES.
Scale 1 : 50,000

MILES

1000 500 0 1000 2000 3000 4000

METERS

YARDS
 LEGEND

Colors – 1, 2
 LEGENDS

Hard surface, two or more lanes wide

Loose surface, two or more lanes wide

Hard surface, one lane wide

Loose surface, one lane wide

Fair or dry weather, loose surface

Cart track

Foot path, trail

Military route marker 17

Railroad
 LEGENDS
Power transmission line

x x
Spot elevation in meters: checked; Unchecked 165 165

School

Church

Cemetery Cem

Built – up area

Lighthouse

Reservoir; dam; ditch

Submerged reef
 LEGENDS
Salt evaporators

Rice paddy

Marsh

Nipa

Mangrove

Woods

Scrub

Tropical grass

Plantation
COLORS USED
IN THE MAP
 Blue – identifies hydrography
or water features such as
lakes, swamps & rivers

Colors – 1, 2
 Brown – identifies all relief
features and elevation

Colors – 1, 2
 Red – classifies cultural
features, such as populated
areas, main roads and
boundaries.

Colors, map - 1
GREEN – Vegetation with
military significance such
as woods, orchards and
vineyards.
 Others – maybe used to
show special information.

Colors, map - 1
 CONTOUR LINES
MOST COMMON METHOD OF
SHOWING RELIEF AND
ELEVATION ON A STANDARD
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
Contour lines – represents an
imaginary line on the ground, above or
below sea level. All points in the
contour line are of the same elevation.

Contour
lines

Index contour lines - 1

TYPES OF CONTOUR LINES
 INDEX CONTOUR LINES – HEAVIER AND
NUMBERED AT SOME POINTS. THE NUMBER IS
THE ELEVATION OF THAT LINE
INDEX

300

400

Title: Characteristics of contours 1

 INTERMEDIATE – FALLS BETWEEN INDEX
CONTOUR LINES. THESE LINES ARE FINER AND
ELEVATION ARE NOT GIVEN.
INTERMEDIATE CONTOUR LINES

Title: Characteristics of contours 1

 SUPPLEMENTARY – resemble dashes. They show
sudden changes in elevation of at least one half
the contour interval.

SUPPLEMENTARY

Title: Characteristics of contours 1

 Classification of Terrain
Features
• Hill
• Ridge
• Valley
• Saddle
• Depression
• Cliff
Hill - 1
RIDGELINE
HILL
SADDLE
 RIDGE

RIDGE

RIDGE
DEPRESSION
 SPUR

SPUR
SPUR
CLIFF

CLIFF
CHARACTERISITICS
OF
CONTOURS
 Contours that are close together
indicates a steep slope.

Contours- far apart - 1

 Contours that are far apart indicates
gentle slope.

Last closed contour line - 1

 Last Closed Contour line indicates
a hilltop.

HILLTOP

HILLTOP

Class of terrain features – 1, 6

HILL 360
MT. BANAHAW
IF THE SHAPE OF THE CONTOUR LINES ON YOUR
DIRECTION IS SHAPED LIKE LETTER “U” OR “V”, THE
MOVEMENT WILL BE GOING UP

U
OR
V
IF THE SHAPE OF THE CONTOUR LINES ON YOUR
DIRECTION IS SHAPED LIKE AN INVERTED LETTER
“U” OR “V”, THE MOVEMENT WILL BE GOING DOWN.

IN
U

VE
RT
OR

ED
V
 When crossing a valley, the base of U or V
contours points towards higher ground.

Base of
U or V

Closed contours
 MILITARY GRID
REFERENCE SYSTEM
GRID LINES are identified by a specific
number which is printed in the margin
directly opposite the lines indicated.

11 12 13 14
38 38

NE
GRID N-S LI

LINES
37 37
E-
W
LI
NE

36 36

35 35
GRID SQUARE - A network
of square formed by NS and
EW grid lines placed on the
map. The distance
between grid lines depends
on the scale of the map. (1
km or 1000 mtrs)
 GRID SQUARE (4 digits)
AREA OF ONE GRID SQUARE IS – 1,000 SQ MTR
OR 1 SQ KM
1000 MTR

1000 MTR
HOW TO READ GRID SQUARES (4 DIGITS)
READ FIRST THE VERTICAL LINE
THEN THE HORIZONTAL LINE

11 12 13
38
GS: 1137

37
GS: 1336

36
 RECITATION (GRID SQUARE)
11 12 13 14
38 38
GC: 1137 GC: 1237 GC: 1337

37 37
GC: 1136 GC:1236

36 36
GC: 1135 GC: 1335
GS: 1236 IS THE YELLOW SQUARE. THE FIRST 2 DIGITS WHICH IS
VERTICAL LINE 12 ENCOMPASSES 3 SQUARES. BUT IF LINE 36
(2ND 2 DIGITS) WHICH ALSO ENCOMPASSES 3 SQUARES IS ADDED,
THIS WILL SHOW EXACTLY WHERE GS: 1236 IS LOCATED.

11 12 38 13 14
38

36

37 37 37

11 12 GS: 1236 13 14

36 36 36
 GRID COORDINATES (GC)
SIX (6) DIGITS (SAMPLE GC: 315634)

THE GRID SQUARE IS DIVIDED

INTO 100 EQUAL PARTS

EACH SMALL SQUARE HAS AN

AREA OF 100 SQ MTR
THE GRID SQUARE IS DIVIDED
INTO 100 EQUAL PARTS

11 12 13
38

GS: 1237

37
 THE GRID SQUARE IS DIVIDED
INTO 100 EQUAL PARTS

12 13 12 13
38 38

GS: 1237

37 37
EACH SMALL SQUARE HAS AN
AREA OF 100 SQ MTR

12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 13
38 9
8 100 SQ MTR
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
37
HOW TO DETERMINE THE 6 DIGIT COORDINATES
OF A GIVEN POINT IN THE MAP
RED STAR –

GC: 121 376

RED ARROW –
120 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 GC: 126 375
9
YELLOW CIRCLE -
8
GC: 124 370
7
6 YELLOW SQUARE -

5 GC: 129 373

4 RED CROSS
3 GC: 122/3 378
2 RED CIRCLE
1 GC: 12 3/4 37 2/3
0
37
ITEMS THAT CAN BE USED FOR
SUBDIVIDING GRID SQUARE

• TWO CENTIMETERS (RULER) CAN BE

SUBDIVIDED INTO 10 EQUAL PARTS

• PIECE OF PAPER WITH TICK MARKS

COPIED FROM EITHER THE RULER (2 CM) OR
BAR SCALE OF THE MAP

• STRAIGHT EDGE OF COMPASS

 BY MEANS OF THE RULER
USE EVERY TWO (2) MILLIMETERS

GC:12 2
12 13 14

0 10 20 30 40

(2 CENTIMETERS) RULER
 BY MEANS OF A
STRAIGHTEDGE OF A PAPER
ALIGN THE STRAIGHTEDGE OF A PIECE OF PAPER AND
COPY TEN TWO (2) MILLIMETERS ON THE RULER.

PAPER

0 10 20 30 40

RULER
(2 CENTIMETERS)
 BY MEANS OF A STRAIGHTEDGE
ALIGN THE STRAIGHTEDGE OF A PIECE OF
PAPER AND COPY THE 100 METER MARKS ON
THE BAR SCALE (METERS) ON THE MAP.

PAPER

BAR SCALE (METERS)

TOTAL DISTANCE IS
USE THIS TO MEASURE POINTS IN THE MAP
GC:13 4

12 13 14

O7

13 14
PAPER
USE THIS TO MEASURE POINTS IN THE MAP
GC:134 07 4 or 5

PAPER
14
12 13 14

O7
• STRAIGHT EDGE OF A COMPASS

E
 8 - DIGIT GRID
COORDINATES

IS USED BY ARTILLERY
AND MORTAR UNITS
 DETERMINATION OF
DISTANCES

STRAIGHT LINE DISTANCES

CURVED LINE DISTANES

GRAPHIC BAR SCALE

 HOW TO DETERMINE STRAIGHT
LINE DISTANCE
HILLTOP

house

?
distance

Road intersection
ALINE THE STRAIGHTEDGE OF A PIECE OF
PAPER ON THE POINTS TO BE MEASURED.

house

e r
a p
p
ER
AP
intersection
P
MAKE A TICK MARK ON
THE EDGE OF THE PAPER
ON BOTH POINTS. house
Tick mark

ER
AP
intersection
P
Tick mark
 MOVE THE PAPER TO THE GRAPHIC BAR SCALE AND ALIGN
THE TICK MARK (b) WITH A PRINTED NAME IN THE PRIMARY
SCALE SO THAT LEFT TICK MARK (a) IS IN THE EXTENSION
SCALE.

EXTENSION
SCALE Scale 1 : 50,000
1000 500 0 1000 2000 3000 4000

a b

LEFT TICK MARK ON EXTENSION SCALE

 TO DETERMINE DISTANCE TO THE NEAREST 10
MTRS, DIVIDE THE LAST SQUARE INTO TENTHS,
THEN COUNT FROM RIGHT TO LEFT.

80 mtrs
1000 500 0

TOTAL DISTANCE IS
 ANSWER - - - - 4,680 METERS

Scale 1 : 50,000
1000 500 0 1000 2000 3000 4000

a b

LEFT TICK MARK ON EXTENSION SCALE

 HOW TO DETERMINE CURVED
LINE DISTANCES

• V G L 89 – 99

• H G L 30 - 43

TICK MARK
 PLACE A TICK MARK ON THE PAPER
AND MAP AT THE BEGINNING POINT
AND ANOTHER TICK MARK ON THE
END POINT AT THE MAP.

END POINT

BEGINNING POINT

TICK MARKS
ALIGN THE STRAIGHTEDGE OF A PIECE OF PAPER
FROM THE START POINT TO THE FIRST SEGMENT
OF THE LINE WHICH IS MORE OR LESS STRAIGHT.

END POINT
PAPER

BEGINNING POINT
MAKE A TICK MARK ON THE EDGE OF THE
PAPER AT EACH POINT TO BE MEASURED.

END POINT

BEGINNING POINT
CONTINUE ON THIS MANNER.

END POINT

PAPER

BEGINNING POINT
CONTINUE ON THIS MANNER.

END POINT

BEGINNING POINT
 CONTINUE ON THIS MANNER.

END POINT

BEGINNING POINT

PE: DET DISTANCES

 CONTINUE ON THIS MANNER.

END POINT

BEGINNING POINT

PE: DET DISTANCES

 CONTINUE MARKING UP TO THE END
POINT.

EN
END POINT

D
PO
IN
T
BEGINNING POINT

PE: DET DISTANCES

 MEASURE THE DISTANCE BY ALIGNING
IT ON THE BAR SCALE (METERS).

Scale 1 : 50,000
1000 500 0 1000 2000 3000 4000

a b

LEFT TICK MARK ON EXTENSION SCALE

 HOW TO FIND DIRECTIONS

DIRECTION - is defined as an
imaginary straight line on the
map or ground. In map reading
we refer to the direction as an
azimuth.

DIRECTION - DEFINED
 NORTH

Back Azimuth
Line Base Line

Origin
Azimuth Line

RULES IN BAZ
 THREE (3) BASE DIRECTION
1. True North – direction of North Pole,
STAR.
2. Grid North – DIRECTION OF North-
South Grid Line, GN (ON THE MAP)
3. Magnetic North – direction of Magnetic
Arrow of the magnetic compass, half
arrow.
DEC DIAGRAM
 DECLINATION DIAGRAM
• DECLINATION – IS THE ANGULAR
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRUE
NORTH AND EITHER MAGNETIC OR
GRID NORTH.
G N

TRUE MAGNETIC GRID

NORTH NORTH NORTH
2 DECLINATIONS
 GRID MAGNETIC ANGLE
1. Grid Azimuth - a horizontal angle
measured clockwise from Grid North.
2. Magnetic Azimuth - a horizontal
angle measured clockwise from
magnetic north.
3. Grid Magnetic Angle - An angular
difference between grid north and
magnetic north as measured from
grid north.
CONV OF DEC DIA
 Conversion of Declination Diagram
GN GN
*
*

Westerly Easterly

APPLICATION
 THERE ARE TWO DECLINATIONS,
A MAGNETIC DECLINATION AND
A GRID DECLINATION.

ANGULAR DIFFERENCE
 APPLICATION
(table exercise)
A. Working a Map having an East
6-M Angle
1. Convertion to grid azimuth from Magnetic
Azimuth/.
2. Convertion to Magnetic Azimuth from Grid
Azimuth.
3. Convert to Magnetic Azimuth when the 6-M
angle is greater.
 Working with a map having
a west 6-M Angle
1. Converting to grid azimuth from magnetic
azimuth.
2. Converting to magnetic azimuth from grid
azimuth.
3. Converting to grid azimuth when the 6-M
angle is greater.
HOW TO LOCATE UNKNOWN PT
THE PROTRACTOR
 PARTS OF THE PROTRACTOR
(360 DEG PROTRACTOR)

BASE LINE

0 / 36O INDEX

315 45

DEGREES
(RED)
270 90

225 135

180
HOW TO USE THE PROTRACTOR TO
DETERMINE DIRECTION IN THE MAP
WHAT IS THE DIRECTION OF
POINT “B” FROM POINT “A”

MAP

A
 BY MEANS OF THE 360 DEG PROTRACTOR
1. PLACE THE INDEX OF THE PROTACTOR ATOP POINT “A”
2. MAKE SURE THAT THE BASE LINE IS PARALLEL WITH
ANY VERTICAL LINE ON THE MAP.

0 / 36O
315 45
45 INDEX

270 90
A

225 135
3. ALIGN THE EDGE OF A STRAIGHTEDGE ON BOTH
POINTS A AND B
4. POINT “B” IS 45 DEG FROM POINT “A”

B
45 DEG

R
0 / 36O LE
U
315 45 R

A
270 90

225 135
BY MEANS OF THE 180 DEG PROTRACTOR
(LESS THAN 180 DEG)

36O
315 45

270 90

225 135
180
WHAT IS THE DIRECTION OF
POINT “C” FROM POINT “A”

A ? C
1. PLACE THE INDEX OF THE PROTACTOR ATOP POINT “A”
2. MAKE SURE THAT THE BASE LINE IS PARALLEL WITH
ANY VERTICAL LINE ON THE MAP.

0 / 36O
315 45
INDEX
A C
270 90

225 135
3. ALIGN THE EDGE OF A STRAIGHTEDGE ON BOTH
POINTS A AND C
4. POINT “C” IS 90 DEG FROM POINT “A”

90 DEG

0 / 36O
315 45

A C
270 90
RULER

225 135
BY MEANS OF THE 180 DEG PROTRACTOR
(MORE THAN THAN 180 DEG)

36O
315 45

270 90

225 135
180
WHAT IS THE DIRECTION OF
POINT “A” FROM POINT “B”

B
1. PLACE THE INDEX OF THE PROTACTOR ATOP POINT “B”
2. MAKE SURE THAT THE BASE LINE IS PARALLEL WITH
ANY VERTICAL LINE ON THE MAP.

A
36O
315
INDEX 45

?
270
B
90

135
GET THE BACK AZIMUTH OF POINT “A”
THE BAZ OF POINT ‘A’ IS 135 DEG

A
36O
R BAZ
U 315 45
LE
R 135 DEG
?
270
B
90

135
THE AZIMUTH OF POINT A IS THE BACK
AZIMUTH OF 135 DEG.

A
36O
R BAZ
U 315 45
LE
R 135 DEG
?
270
B
90

135
HOW TO GET A BACK AZIMUTH

IF IT IS LESS THAN 180 DEG ADD 180

SAMPLE: BAZ OF 45 DEG IS 45 PLUS 180
THEN BAZ OF 45 DEG IS 225 DEG

IF IT IS MORE THAN 180 DEG SUBTRACT 180

SAMPLE: BAZ OF 235 DEG IS 235 MINUS 180
THEN BAZ OF 235 DEG IS 55
GET THE BACK AZIMUTH OF POINT 135 DEG
THE BAZ OF 135 DEG IS 135 PLUS 180 EQUALS 315
THEN POINT “A” IS 315 DEG FROM POINT ‘B’.

315 DEG
A

A
36O
315 45 BAZ
135 DEG
?
270 90
B
HOW TO USE A COMPASS
PARTS OF THE COMPASS
 PARTS OF THE COMPASS

STRAIGHTEDGE
SHORT BEZEL
LUMINOUS RING MAGNETIC
LINE ARROW
SIGHTING
WIRE

W
E

SIGHTING
SLOT

FIXED BLACK
LENS INDEX LINE
FLOATING
LIMINOUS SIGHTING
DIAL DOTS
 Rules in Using Compass
1. Keep away from metal object and high
tension wires.

• High tension power lines - - 55 mtrs

• Field gun, truck or tank - - -10 mtrs

• Telegraph / telephone wires and

barbed wire - - - - 10 mtrs

• Machine gun -- - 2 mtrs

• Steel helmet or rifles - - - ½ mtrs

2. KEEP CLOSED WHEN NOT IN USE.

SIGHTING THE COMPASS
 COMPASS TO CHEEK
TECHNIQUE

PRESETTING A COMPASS
 PRESETTING A COMPASS
AND FOLLOWING AN
AZIMUTH (DIRECTION)

DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS

RULES IN USING A COMPASS

1. HOLD THE COMPASS LEVEL IN THE
PALM OF THE HAND. (DESIRED
AZIMUTH – 10 DEG)

W E
10 DEG
2. ROTATE IT UNTIL THE DESIRED AZIMUTH
FALLS UNDER THE FIXED INDEX LINE. (EX:
10 DEG)

W
E

10 DEG
FIXED BLACK
INDEX LINE
3. TURN THE BEZEL RING UNTIL THE LUMINOUS
LINE IS ALIGNED WITH THE NORTH SEEKING
ARROW.

LUMINOUS
LINE

BEZEL RING

W
E
TO TURN THE BEZEL RING GRASP THE EDGE
WITH YOUR FINGERS AND ROTATE IT TO THE
DESIRED DIRECTION.
LUMINOUS
LINE

NORTH SEEKING
ARROW

W
E
THE LUMINOUS LINE SHOULD BE ALINED WITH
THE NORTH SEEKING ARROW.

LUMINOUS NORTH SEEKING

LINE ARROW

W
E

10 DEG

FIXED BLACK
INDEX LINE
LUMINOUS LINE IS ALREADY ALINED WITH THE
NORTH SEEKING ARROW.

LUMINOUS
LINE

NORTH SEEKING
ARROW

W
E

10 DEG

FIXED BLACK
INDEX LINE
4. WHEN THE LUMINOUS LINE IS ALREADY
ALINED WITH THE NORTH SEEKING ARROW THE
COMPASS IS ALREADY PRESET.
LUMINOUS
LINE

NORTH SEEKING
ARROW

W
E

10 DEG
5. TO FOLLOW YOUR DIRECTION ALWAYS ALINE
THE NORTH SEEKING ARROW WITH THE
LUMINOUS LINE.

FRONT
SIGHT

W
E

10 DEG
ORIENTING THE MAP BY USE
OF THE COMPASS
GRID NORTH
MAGNETIC
NORTH

MAP
ALIGN THE STRAIGHTEDGE OF YOUR
COMPASS ON ANY N-S LINE MAGNETIC
NORTH

MAP

STRAIGHT
FIXED BLACK
EDGE
INDEX LINE

MAGNETIC
ARROW

E
W

N–S
LINE
ROTATE THE MAP TOGETHER WITH THE COMPASS
UNTIL THE FIXED BLACK INDEX LINE IS ALIGNED
WITH THE MAGNETIC ARROW

MAGNETIC
ARROW

W
E

FIXED BLACK
INDEX LINE
ROTATE THE MAP TOGETHER WITH THE COMPASS
UNTIL THE FIXED BLACK INDEX LINE IS ALIGNED
WITH THE NORTH-SEEKING ARROW
MAGNETIC
NORTH

MA
P

MAGNETIC
ARROW

FIXED BLACK
W INDEX LINE
E
YOUR MAP IS ALREADY ORIENTED TO THE
MAGNETIC NORTH.
MAGNETIC
NORTH

MA
P

W
E
HOW TO PINPOINT A KNOWN DISTANT
LOCATION ON THE GROUND WHICH IS
UNKNOWN ON THE MAP.
UNKNOWN DISTANT
LOCATION

MAP
INTERSECTION
 1. OCCUPY A KNOWN LOCATION ON THE GROUND
WHICH IS ALSO KNOWN ON THE MAP
2. BY MEANS OF THE COMPASS GET THE MAGNETIC
AZIMUTH OF THE KNOWN DISTANT LOCATION
3. THE MAG AZIMUTH OF THE KNOWN POINT IS 45
DEG

45 DEG

MAP ROAD
INTERSECTION

ROAD
INTERSECTION
4. CONVERT THE MAG AZIMUTH (45 DEG) INTO
GRID AZIMUTH (45 DEG)

KNOWN POINT A
ON THE MAP
(ROAD INTERSECTION)
315

?
270
5. BY MEANS OF A THE PROTRACTOR AND STRAIGHTEDGE,
DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE RUNNING FROM THE EDGE OF
YOUR POSITION ON THE MAP TO 45 DEG.

45 DEG R
A LE
U
R

315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
THE KNOWN LOCATION ON THE GROUND IS
SOMEWHERE ALONG THE LINE.

45 DEG
A

315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
6. OCCUPY ANOTHER KNOWN LOCATION ON THE
GROUND WHICH IS ALSO KNOWN ON THE MAP.

UNKNOWN DISTANT
LOCATION

2ND LOCATION
7. BY MEANS OF THE COMPASS GET THE MAGNETIC
AZIMUTH OF THE KNOWN DISTANT LOCATION

THE MAG AZIMUTH OF THE KNOWN POINT IS 310 DEG

310 DEG
HILLTOP
8. CONVERT THE MAG AZIMUTH (310 DEG) INTO
GRID AZIMUTH (310 DEG)

HILLTOP

A
1ST
LINE 315

?
270
8. CONVERT THE MAG AZIMUTH (310 DEG) INTO
GRID AZIMUTH (310 DEG)

PROTRACTOR

A
1ST
LINE 315

?
270
9. BY MEANS OF A STRAIGHTEDGE. DRAW A STRAIGHT
LINE RUNNING FROM THE EDGE OF YOUR POSITION
ON THE MAP TO 310 DEG.

A
RU
1ST LE
R
LINE 315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
14. THE POINT OF INTERSECTION OF THESE TWO LINES
ON THE MAP IS THE LOCATION OF THE KNOWN
POINT ON THE GROUND.

LOCATION

A
1ST
LINE 315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
15. DETERMINE THE 6 DIGIT GRID COORDINATE OF THE
POINT OF INTERSECTION OF THESE TWO LINES.

LOCATION

A
1ST
LINE 315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
HOW TO FIND YOUR OWN LOCATION ON
THE MAP

RESECTION
 RESECTION

THE METHOD OF LOCATING YOUR

OWN POSITION ON THE MAP BY
DETERMINING THE GRID AZIMUTH TO
AT LEAST TWO-WELL DEFINED
LOCATIONS ON THE GROUND THAT
CAN BE PINPOINTED ON THE MAP.
HOW TO LOCATE YOUR PRESENT
POSITION ON THE MAP.
TWO KNOWN LOCATION ON THE GROUND

MAP
Get the magnetic azimuth of
the first known position (45
deg)

MAP
 PLACE THE PROTRACTOR ATOP THE
FIRST KNOWN POSITION ON THE MAP.

315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
BY MEANS OF A RULER, DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE
WHICH IS THE BACK AZIMUTH OF 45 DEG.
45
DEG

315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
 YOUR POSITION IN THE MAP IS
SOMEWHERE ALONG THIS LINE.

45
DEG

315

225 DEG ?
270

PROTRACTOR
Get the magnetic azimuth of
the second known position
(105 deg)
(105 deg)

MAP
 Place the protractor atop the
second known position on the map.
(105 deg)

315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
BY MEANS OF A RULER, DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE
WHICH IS THE BACK AZIMUTH OF 105 DEG.

(105 deg)

315

?
270

PROTRACTOR
THE POINT OF INTERSECTION OF THESE TWO LINES IS
YOUR LOCATION IN THE MAP. DETERMINE THE 6-DIGIT
GRID COORDINATE OF THIS POINT.

A
285
315 DEG

?
270 Your
positionon the
map

PROTRACTOR
 RESECTION
1ST DISTANT 2ND DISTANT ANSWER
POSITION (DEG) POSITION (DEG) GRID COORDINATE
1 JUNCTION TRAIL AT MOUTH OF RIVER AT 950or1450or1
GC: 934464 (308 DEG) GC: 929445 (255 DEG)

2 HILLTOP (BUKEL HILL) 5 of 257 AT GS: 9142 956or7406 or 7

AT GC: 9140 (270 DEG) (294 DEG)
3 ROAD JUNCTION AT ROAD JUNCTION AT GS: 910522or 3
GC: 943518 (98 DEG) 9348 (136 DEG)
4 LAST “O” of BAYORBOR TRAIL JUNCTION AT 956 or 7747or 8
AT GS: 9446 (229 DEG) GC: 968468 (132 DEG)

ROAD CORNER AT JUNCTION AT 960492 or 3

5 GS: 002487 (97 DEG) GC: 972476 or 7 (40 DEG)

6 ROAD JUNCTION AT TRAIL JUNCTION AT

943 or 4518
GC: 9655528or9 (65 DEG) GC: 974 or 5407 (110 DEG)
 MODIFIED RESECTION

METHOD OF LOCATING YOUR OWN

POSITION ON THE MAP WHEN YOU
ARE LOCATED IN A LINEAR FEATURE
ON THE GROUND SUCH AS A ROAD,
CANAL, STREAM, ETC.
DETERMINE THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH OF THE DISTANT
POINT (HILLTOP) WHICH IS ALSO KNOWN ON THE MAP.

MOUNTAIN

RIVER
MAP

RIVER
PLACE THE PROTRACTOR ATOP THE KNOWN
POSITION (HILLTOP) ON THE MAP.

PROTRACTOR

315

?
270

RIVER
SCALE THE BACK AZIMUTH OF THE KNOWN
POSITION ON THE MAP.

PROTRACTOR

315

?
270

RIVER
o YOUR LOCATION IS WHERE THE LINE CROSSES THE
LINEAR FEATURE (RIVER).
o DETERMINE THE GRID COORDINATE.

315 YOUR
LOCATION

?
270

RIVER
 4 - DIGITS GRID SQUARE
DATA ANSWER

1 SACOBIA RIVER
GC: 3282

2 HILL 187
GC: 3585

3 HILL 148
GC: 3685

4 STADIUM
GC: 3579

5 GOLF COURSE
GC: 3380
 6 - DIGITS GRID COORDINATE
DATA ANSWER

1 HILL 187 GC: 353854

2 HILL 148 GC: 368857

3 LETTER “C” OF THE GC: 371822

WORD CLARK
4 GC: 356798 DEAD END(ROAD)

5 GC: 348796 BUILDING

 TABLE EXERCISE ( DISTANCE)

FROM TO ANSWER
STRAIGHT DISTANCE OF CLARK FIELD RUNWAY
3.2 KMS

STRAIGHT DISTANE FROM

HILL 187 4.3 KMS
GC:347812

STRAIGHT DISTANCE
FROM HILL 148
GC: 342826 4 KMS

CURVE DISTANCE FROM GC: 359800

MAIN GATE 6.4 KMS

CURVE DISTANCE FROM MABALACAT GATE

GC: 356788
8.1 KMS
 TERRAIN FEATURES / MIL SYMBOLS

1
GC: 573824 HILL MOUNT
ARAYAT
2
GC: 412757 SCHOOL

3
GC: 404806 CONTROL
POINT
4 CHURCH
GC: 423766
MUNICIPAL
5
GC: 484836 OFFICE