Name: DULNUAN, DICK A.

Course: BS CRIMINOLOGY
Date of submission: November 21, 2020
Submitted to: Ma’am Buy-a

BASIC WEAPONS TRAINING

1. U.S. RIFLE 5.56MM M16A1

CHARACTERISTICS:

a. Functioning:

1) _Magazine fed_
2) _Gas operated_
3) _Shoulder weapon_
4) _Air cooled_
5) _Semi or automatic file_

b. Features

1) The rifle is equipped with a flash suppressor which

can also serve as an adapter for grenade launching. (CAUTION: Use
of this weapon for grenade launching is not currently authorized).
2) Barrel is surrounded by two aluminum line fiberglass
hand guards which also adapter for grenade as the forearm of the
rifle. The hand guards are notched to permit air to circulate around
the rifle barrel, and further serve to protect the gas tube.
3) A hard rubber recoil pass is attached at the butt of
the stock to partially reduce the effect of the recoil.
4) A forward assist assembly is located at the upper
right rear of the upper receiver. This is use to close the bolt when
closing is not done by the force of action of spring alone.
5) A dust cover is provided to prevent dust or dirt from
getting into the rifle. This opens automatically when the rifle is fired.
(NOTE: The dust cover should be closed at all times except during
firing or maintenance).

b. PARTS OF THE RIFLE CAL 5.56MM M16A1.

 1) Two main groups:

a) _Upper receiver group_

Parts of Upper Receiver Group:

(1) Flash suppressor

(2) Barrel
(3) Bayonet Stud
(4) Front Sigh
(5) Upper Sling Swivel
(6) Hand guard
(7) Sling Spring
(8) Carrying handle
(9) Charging handle
(10) Rear Sight
(11) Forward Assist
(12) Bolt Assembly
(13) Bust cover

b) _Lower receiver group_

Parts of the Lower Receiver Group:

(1) Rubber recall pack

(2) Trigger Guard
(3) Pivot take down pin
(4) Stock
(5) Pistol grip
(6) Trigger
(7) Magazine release button
(8) Hammer
(9) Selector Level
(10) Lower sling swivel

c. GENERAL DATAL:

1) Weights:
 Rifle without magazine- - - 6.5 lbs.
Empty magazine (aluminum) - .2 lbs.
Full magazine (20 rds.)- - - .7 lbs.
Firing weight (fully loaded w/ sling) - 7.6 lbs.

2) Lengths:

Rifle with flash suppressor - - 39 inches

Barrel with flash suppressor - - 21 inches
Barrel without flash suppressor - - 20 inches

NOTE: These data do not include necessary equipment such as

the bayonet and the bipod.

3) Operational:

Muzzle velocity - - 3,150 ft/sec

Cycle rate of fire - - 700-800 rds/min
Maximum rate of fire:
Semi-automatic - - 45-65 rds/min
Automatic - - 150-200 rds/min
Sustained rate of fire- - 15 rds/min
Maximum range - - 2,653 meters
Maximum effective range -_460 meters_

d. CYCLE OF OPERATION:

1) _Firing_ – occurs when the firing pin strikes the

primer of the cartridge.
2) _Unlocking_– unsealing the breach of the barrel.
3) _Extracting_– removing the empty cartridge from the
weapon.
4) _Ejecting_ – removing the empty cartridge from the
weapon.
5) _Cocking_ – returning the firing mechanism to cock
position.
6) _Feeding_ – placing the cartridge in the receiver.
7) _Chambering_ – placing the cartridge in the chamber.
 8) _Locking_ – sealing the cartridge in the chamber.

e. Disassembly and Assembly of the Weapon:

NOTE: Disassembly and assembly of the weapon should be

kept to the maximum consistent with proper maintenance and
instructional requirements.

1) Steps in disassembly

a) The first step in the disassembly of any weapon

is to “Clear the weapon”.

(1) The butt must rest on a flat surface. The

right thing will do.
(2) Point the selector lever to “SAFE”
position. (NOTE) This can be done only if the weapon is cocked. If the
rifle is not cocked, proceed to the next step.
(3) Grasp the magazine with the right hand,
the right thumb resting on the magazine catch bottom. Press the
bottom and pull the magazine.

(4) Hold the balance of the stock with the left

hand, the left thumb resting on the bolt catch. Open the bolt and lock
if in the position. Return the charging handle to forward position.
(5) Ensure the selector lever at “SAFE”.

CAUTION: The selector level must be at the “SAFE” position when

clearing weapon to prevent damage to automatic sear.

b) Field Stripping

(1) Disassembly:

(a) Remove the sling and place the rifle

on a table or a flat surface with the muzzle to the left.
(b) Turn the weapon on its right side and
press on the takedown pin until the upper receiver swings free of the
lower receiver. CAUTION: The takedown pin does not come out free
of the receiver.
 (c) Press the receiver pivot pin and
separate the upper from the lower receiver group. (CAUTION): The
receiver pivot pin does not come out of the receiver.
(d) Work on the upper receiver group:

-Keep the muzzle in the left.

-Withdraw the bolt carrier from the
receiver.
-Disassemble the bolt carrier group.

NOTE: When the bolt carrier is removed, the charging handle will
fall from the receiver.

(e) Work on the lower receiver group.

CAUTION: The lower receiver shall be disassembled only when

absolutely necessary for the proper care and maintenance of the
weapon.
-Push the action spring guide.
-Push down on the retaining pin by using
the tip of cartridge.
-Remove the buffer and buffer spring.
-Depress the hammer to clear the buffer.

NOTE: The action spring is under the pressure, care must be

taken in removing it.
CAUTION: The parts of the weapon should be laid down in the
order of its disassembly to avoid losses or misplacement.

(2) Assembly:

(a) Assemble the bolt carrier group:

CAUTION: Do not spread the ends of the firing pin retainer.

NOTE: Check for proper assembly by elevating the front of the
bolt. The firing pin must not drop out..

(b) Replace the charging handle in the

upper receiver. Push forward in the group into the open end of the
sub-assembly is fully sealed.
 (c) Place the two (2) receiver together
and reset the pivot pin.
(d) Cock the hammer and ensures that
the selector lever is at “SAFE” position. Withdraw the takedown pin
and close the weapon. Fully seat the takedown pin.

NOTE: After the assembly of the weapon, remove the hand

guards.

CAUTION: Removal of the hand guards should be done only

when absolutely necessary for the proper care and maintenance of
the weapon.

2) Check the assembly of the weapon.

a) Check the proper operation of the weapon while

the selector is at “SAFE”, semi and auto positions.

(1) “SAFE” position – pull trigger, hammer

should not fall.
(2) Semi-position – pull the trigger to the rear,
recork the rifle (hammer) and release the trigger. The hammer should
transfer from the hammer holes and is connect to sear engagement.
(3) Auto-position - pull the trigger. Hammer
should fall. Hold the trigger to the rear and recork the hammer. Push
forward on the automatic sear, the hammer should fall.

NOTE: Any discrepancy noted from aforementioned functioning

means the assembly was incorrect. Check proper assembly and note
any defective parts.

f. Maintenance – normal care and cleaning will result in the

proper functioning of all parts of the weapon, improper maintenance
causes stoppage and malfunctioning.

1) Cleaning and lubricating the barrel.

a) Attach a wire brush to the cleaning rod, dip it with

a cleaning solvent compound (CR) of bore cleaner, and brush the
bore thoroughly. Brush from the bore to the chamber. Using a
straight though stroke. (NOTE: Never reverse the direction of the
brush while it is in the bore).
b) Continue the process until the bore is coated
with the cleaning compound. Replace the brush with a cleaning patch
and continue the cleaning process until the patch comes out clean
and dry.
c) Clean the locking gauge in the barrel extension
using a small bristle brush.
d) After cleaning, lubricate the bore and locking
lugs in the barrel extension by applying a light coat of oil on the
surface of the barrel enclosed by the hand guards.

2) Cleaning and lubricating the Bolt Carrier Group

Lower Receiver Group:

a) Remove the bolt carrier group from the upper

receiver group and disassemble. Clean all parts with a patch dipped
in a solvent cleaning compound.
b) Clean the locking lugs of the bolt, using a small
brush and cleaning solvent. Dry with a patch and oil lightly.
c) But one drop of oil in each hole on the right side
of the bolt carrier and the open end of the bolt carrier key.

3) Cleaning and lubricating the lower receiver group:

a) Normal cleaning will not require the detailed

assembly of the lower receiver group.
b) Using a clean dry patch or bristle brush remove
dirt or sand from the receiver. Place a drop of oil on each pin for
lubrication.
c) After extensive or field exercise, the lower
receiver must be disassembled and clean thoroughly, apply a light
coat of oil on all parts.

4) Maintenance before, during and after firing:

a) Before operation maintenance

 The barrel must be wipe dry and free of oil, clean the
bore with a dry patch to insure that it is dry and free of dirt. Check the
forward assist assembly and the dust cover.
b) During firing – to follow the recommended rates
of fire. Observe for any slugging operation of any moving parts.
Discontinue the use of any rifle that shows signs of wear and tear.
c) After operations – follow the normal
maintenance operations outline in the foregoing paragraphs

2. _U.S. RIFLE 7.62MM M14 AND M14A1_

CHARACTERISTICS:

a. Functioning:
1) _Light weight_
2) _Air cooled_
3) _Gas operated_
4) _Magazine fed_
5) _Shoulder weapon_

b. Features:

1) The M14 Rifle

a) The selector and bipod are assembled to the

weapon when used for automatic fire but can be adapted for
automatic fire by the installation of a selector adapter.
b) The flash suppressor is designed to reduce
muzzle climb and the amount of dust raised by the muzzle blast.
c) The lug on the rear of the flash suppressor is
used for the attachment of a bayonet, a grenade launcher and a blank
firing attachment for the launching grenade.
d) The spindle valve is used to adjust the opening
of the gas port when the rifle is used for grenade launching. This
prevents gas operation of the rifle during grenade launching, and
prevents damage to the weapon.
e) The hinged shoulder rest provides vertical
control of the butt end of the rifle.
f) It has fixed front sight and adjustable rear sight.
 2) The M14A1 Rifle

a) It has all the features present in the M14 rifle.

b) It is designed primarily for automatic fire.
c) It has the following additional features that
differentiate it from the M14 rifle.

(1) Stabilizer assembly to reduce the effect of

recoil and to provide muzzle stability.
(2) Modified bipod with an additional sling
swivel and a larger pivot pin to accommodate the modified sling.
(3) A folding front and a fix rear hand guards.
(4) A straight-line stock.
(5) Rubber recoil pad to reduce effect of
recoil.

NOTE: The folding front hand guard can be adjusted to one of five
positions.

GENERAL DATA

a. Weights:
M14 with full mag & cleaning equipment - 11.5 lbs
Empty magazine - - - - .5 lbs
Full magazine - - - 1.5 lbs
M2 bipod assembly - - - - 1.75lbs
M14 bipod rifle with full magazine - 14.5 lbs

b. Lengths:
Overall length with flash suppressor 44.3 inches

c. Operational
Trigger pull - - - 5.5 lbs
7.5 lbs
Muzzle velocity - - 2,880 ft/sec
Cyclic rate of fire - - 700-750 rounds/min

Rate of fire (NOTE: These can be maintained without causing

any damage to the weapon)
 Semi-automatic Automatic
2 minutes - - 40 rds/min 50 rds/min
5 minutes - - 30 rds/min 40 rds/min
10-20 minutes- - 20 rds/min 30 rds up to 15 min
20 minutes - 20 rds/min 25 rds/min
30 minutes - 15 rds/min 20 rds./min

Range in meters

Maximum- - - - _3,725_
Maximum effective (semi w/ bipod) - 700
Max effective (semi w/o bipod) - 460
Max effective (auto w/ bipod - 460_

CYCLE OR OPERATION:

a. Firing – occurs when the firing pin strikes the primer of the
cartridge.
b. Unlocking – unsealing the breach of the barrel.
c. Extracting – removing the empty cartridge from the
weapon.
d. Ejecting – removing the empty cartridge from the weapon.
e. Cocking – returning the firing mechanism to cock position.
f. Feeding – placing the cartridge in the receiver.
g. Chambering – placing the cartridge in the chamber.
h. Locking – sealing the cartridge in the chamber.

DISASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY

NOTES:
a. Disassembly and assembly of the weapon should be kept
to a minimum consistent with proper care and maintenance.
b. Parts of one rifle maybe interchanged with another except
the bolt.
CAUTION: The bolt shall not be interchanged with other rifles to
preclude accidents.

a. Steps in the disassembly of the rifle

1) Clear the weapon.
 2) Pull back on the operating rod handle and allow the
bolt to go forward. This operation will ensure that all operating parts
are forward. (NOTE: The weapon should be disassembled with all the
operating parts forward).
3) Separate the three groups of the weapon:

a) The firing mechanism

b) The barrel and receiver group
c) The stock

Grasp the rear of the trigger guard with the thumb and
the forefinger of the right hand. Full downward and outward until the
mechanism is released. Lift the firing mechanism.
With the left hand grasp the receiver over the rear
sight, raise the barrel a few inches, with the right hand, strike down
on the small of the stock and grasp it. This separates the three main
groups of the rifle.
4) Disassembly of the barrel and receiver group:
a) Remove the connector assembly – place the
groups on its left side with the operating rod handle and the muzzle
away from you. (NOTE): When equipped with a selector, turn the
selector until the side marked “A” is toward the windage knob).
b) Close the bolt – right thumb on the rear of the
connector assembly, first finger on the sear release bracket and
second finger inside rear of the receiver, push forward with the thumb
until the forward end of the assembly can be lifted off the connector
lock. Use the left thumb and forefinger in lifting the assembly.
c) Turn the connector assembly clockwise until the
elongated hole in the connector is aligned with the elongated stud on
the sear release.
d) Lower the front end of the connector assembly
and lift the rear end off the elongated stud on the sear release.
5) Remove the operating rod spring and the operating
rod spring guide.

a) Place the groups on a flat surface, sights down

and muzzle to left.
b) With the left hand, pull toward the muzzle on the
operating rod spring to release the pressure on the connector lock.
 c) Pull the connector lock toward you and
disconnect the operating rod spring and guide. Remove operating rod
and the bolt.
NOTE: This completes the field stripping of the rifle.
b. Steps in the assembly of the Weapon – Follow the reverse
steps in the disassembly of the rifle
1) Replace the bolt and the operating rod spring guide.
2) Replace the connector assembly.
3) Assemble the three main groups.
c. Under normal conditions of maintenance, the gas system
of the rifle shall not be dissembled; however, under extreme climate
conditions and after a series of operation, it may be necessary to
disassemble the system.

NOTE: The gas cylinder should not be disassembled as long as

the gas piston slides freely in the cylinder when the barrel is tilted
end-for-end from on upright position.

d. Disassembly of gas system and hand guard

1) Loosen and remove the gas cylinder plug (Use a

combination tool or any appropriate substitute).
2) Tilt the muzzle down and remove the gas piston from
the gas cylinder. Unscrew the gas cylinder lock and slide the lock and
cylinder forward so that the gas port is exposed.
3) Slip the front band forward toward the front sight.
Push the hand guard toward the front sight and lift it off the barrel.
e. Assembly – to assemble, the follow the reverse procedure
in the disassembly of the hand guard and the gas system.

1) Replace the hand guard (NOTE: Do not snap or force

the hand guard into its installed position.
2) Replace the front band.
3) Slide the gas cylinder forward through the front band.
Tighten the gas cylinder lock by hand. Align the loop with the gas
cylinder. Replace the gas piston with the port toward the barrel and
the open end toward the muzzle. Replace the gas cylinder plug and
secure it.
 NOTE: When the gas piston is fully seated, it will protrude one
and one half inches below the gas cylinder.

MAINTENANCE AND PRESERVATION

a. Cleaning materials:

1) Bore cleaner (cleaning compounds solvent (CR) is

commonly used however, it can also be used on all metal parts for a
temporary one day protection only).
2) Hot, soapy or plain hot water is not a substitute for
the bore cleaner and will be used only when no bore cleaner is
available.
3) Dry cleaning solvent.
4) A carbon-removing compound is used on stubborn
carbon deposits by soaking the part with the carbon and brushing it.

b. Lubricants:

1) Lubricating oil, general purpose is used for

lubricating the rifle during normal condition of operation and
temperature.
2) OE # 10 engine oil may be used as substitute when
no oils prescribed are available.
3) Rifle grease should be applied to working surfaces.

c. Procedure in cleaning the rifle.

1) The rifle should be cleaned after firing because firing

deposits primer fouling, powder ashes, carbon metal fouling. The
ammunition has a non-corrosive primer which makes a cleaning
easier. However, it leaves a deposit which when not remove
immediately may collect moisture and promotes rusting. Upon
termination of firing, a bore-cleaning compound should be applied for
ease of cleaning.
2) Pour a small quantity of bore cleaner in the gas
cylinder plug and insert and rotate the bore cleaning brush to clean
the plug.
 3) Swab the gas cylinder bore with a clean patch. NOTE:
Do not oil the interior surface of the gas cylinder. Do not use
abrasives.
4) Clean the gas piston with a bore cleaner then wipe
dry.

NOTE: Do not oil the gas piston.

5) Clean the bolt with patch and bore cleaner and oil
lightly.
6) Depress the spindle valve after each firing and rotate
in several times. (NOTE: Do not disassemble the spindle valve).
7) All parts must be cleaned, wiped dry and oil when
necessary.

NORMAL MAINTENANCE

The rifle _should be inspected daily for any evidence of rust or

fouling and to check the general condition of the rifle. A light coat of
oil should be maintained in all metal parts. _ (NOTE: Do not oil the
gas piston, interior of the gas cylinder and the gas plug).
Do not use a muzzle plug to cover the muzzle of the rifle. This
will cause moisture to collect inside the bore.
3. HAND GRENADE

a. HISTORY OF GRENADE:

From a historical point of view, the grenade as a weapon is

known to have been made with the discovery of explosives. It is
reported to have been used as early as the 15 th century. During that
time, the grenade was shaped like a French pomegranate.
In the middle of the 17th century, selected soldiers, then
called “grenadiers”, were using the grenade with fatal effects. But
soon it fell into disuse as improved versions of the rifle were
introduced which consequently increased the range between
frontlines. Sometimes later, particularly in the 20 th century, attacking
troops found the grenade to be an essential weapon. It was
discovered to be effective in clearing enemy trenches and
bunkers and later, for stopping the advance of tanks.
 A grenade is a small explosive or chemical bomb for
military use against an enemy at the short ranges. Grenades are of
two (2) basic types – hand and launched. The hand grenade or thrown
away, while the launched grenade is fired from a launcher.
Grenades are further classified as explosive, chemical, and
practice. Explosive grenades, which produce fragmentation or blast
are primarily use against enemy tanks or personnel. Chemical
grenades are used for anti-personnel, harassing, incendiary, smoke-
screening or signaling purposes. Practice grenades may be insert or
have a small charge for making practice throws.
Launched grenades are most likely to be either the anti-
personnel explosive type, with fragmentation warhead, or high-
explosive anti-tank one. The latter shaped charge warhead is very
effective against armor.
Hand Grenades are fitted with a delayed-action fuse. For
explosive grenades, the delay is about 4 - 5 seconds. The fuse of a
chemical grenade on the other hand has a delayed action of 2
seconds and usually burns rather than explodes. Launched grenade
have instant fusses.

b. PARTS OF GRENADE:

1) Full Ring 7) Primer

2) Safety Pin 8) Body
3) Safety Lever 9) Delay Elements
4) Striker 10) Detonator or Igniter
5) Striker Spring 11) Filler
6) T Lug

Main Components of Grenade:

1) _Body – contains filler maybe of steel, cast iron

2) _Filler_ – high explosive (HE) riot control agents,
smoke
3) _Fuse_– classified as either detonating or igniting.
Upon the removal of the safety pin and the release of the safety lever,
the striker rotates, pushing off the safety lever and continues its
rotation, until it strikes the primer. The impact of the strikers set off
the primer which, in turn, fires the delay element. After the delay
element burns through its length, it set off either the detonator or the
igniter cap.

c. CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS:

1) Inflicts casualties to anyone within the overpressure

blast radius.
2) High explosive anti-tank defeats armor by the use of a
shaped charge.
3) Capable of controlling riot by employing chemical
filler such as tear and vomiting agents.
4) Can be use as screen for advancing troops, provides
incendiary action.
5) The maximum casualty inflicting capability is based
on the skill of the thrower.
6) Visibility affects much on the use of the grenade.

d. GRENADE THROWING:

This skill requires a lot of confidence, Here the steps in

throwing a grenade:
1) Grip the hand grenade. The safest and easiest way to
grip a hand grenade for throwing is to hold it so that the safety lever
is held down by the thumb, while keeping the pull ring (and safety clip
if present) free and facing the non-throwing hand.
2) Position the body, and arm hand relative to the hand
grenade. You should always be in a comfortable and natural position.
The two (2) most important points in accurate throwing are body-
target alignment and eye-target focus. Line up your body with target
as through you were going to throw a football or baseball. Keep
watching the target as you throw and let your arm swing naturally to
it. Follow through with your throwing motion and take cover. If
possible, you of a buddy should watch where the grenade lands.
Make sure you properly arm the grenade before you throw it. The
safety pin and clip should be removed while behind cover.
Three General Grenade Throwing Positions:

1) _Standing_ – is when you want to throw the grenade

at a considerable distance. The drawback here is that you expose
yourself to enemy fire as you lob the grenade.
 2) _Kneeling_ – when you need to be mobile and to be
able to quickly change position.
3) _Prone_ – when you want to close in on the enemy.

e. _SAFETY CONSIDERATION_

1) Do not drop a grenade after the safety pin has been

removed.

2) Do not use ball ammunition or blank cartridge to

propel grenades.

3) Do not tamper with duds or non-exploding grenades.

4) Do not pull the safety pin until you are ready to throw
the grenades.

5) If a grenade is accidentally dropped after the safety

pin has been removed, immediately pick up, throw it in the intended
direction, shout “grenade” and then seek nearby shelter or drop to
the ground with the helmet toward the grenade.
 PREPARATORY MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

a. _Preparatory Markmanship Training (MPT) – all

marksmanship training that takes place before live fire.
b. Marksmanship – it is a skillful art of shooting and hitting
the target at a given or known distance.
c. Service Rifle – the primary rifle of the AFP - the M16A1.
d. Caliber – diameter of the bore. Ex: The M16A1 rifle bore is .
223 inch.
e. Cartridge – a complete round of ammunition. Ex. 5.56mm
ball, M193. Complete round 179 grains, projectile – 55 grains and
1.9cm long with a solid core. A standard ammunition used by military.
f. Trajectory – the flight path the bullet takes from the riffle to
the target.
g. Cross-Dominance – a soldier with a dominant hand a
dominant eye that are not the same.
h. Pop, no kick – a firing condition when the primer ignite and
the powder charge does not. This normally results in lodging the
bullet in the bore.
i. Primer – a explosive device in the center base of the
cartridge case that is struck by the firing pin to fire the round.
j. Wobble Area – the natural movement or the weapon/sights
on and around an aiming point when the weapon is being held in a
steady position.
k. Zero Target – a scaled silhouette target with a
superimposed grid for use at 25 meters.
l. Alibi Fire – a condition during qualification firing when
soldier is allowed to complete a record fire scenario which was halted
temporarily due to circumstances beyond his control, ex: target
mechanism, weapon or ammo malfunction.
m. Follow-through – maintaining the position after the weapon
has been fire.
n. Lands – are elevated surface between the grooves of a
rifle.
o. Grooves – are spiral channels cut in the bore of the rifle
barrel.
 p. Barrel Rifling – are spiral lands and grooves of a rifle
design to spin accurately with carrying power (M16A1). The bullet
rotates by the lands once every 12 inches of travel down the barrel.
q. Immediate Action – a procedure applied to rapidly reduced
any rifle stoppage without determining it’s cause.

r. Remedial Action – is the continuing effort to determine the

cause for a stoppage or malfunction and to try clear the stoppage or
malfunction once it has been identified.
s. Aiming point – a place on a target in which the rifle sights
are aligned, normally the target center of mass.
t. KDR – known Distance Range.

2. _THE FOUR FUNDAMENTALS OF MARKMANSHIP_

a. _Establish a Steady Position– refers to the establishments

of a position that allows the weapon to be held still while it is being
fired.

Steady Position Elements:

1) Non-firing Hand Grip – the rifle hand grid rest on the

heel of the hand in the form by the thumb and fingers. Grip is light
rearward pressure exerted.
2) Rifle-butt position – the butt of the stock is paced in
the pocket of the firing shoulder this reduced the effect of recoil and
helps ensure a steady position.
3) Firing Hand Grip – the firing hand grasps the pistol
grip so that it fits the V formed by the thumb and forefinger. The is
placed on the trigger so that the lay of the rifles is not disturbed when
trigger is squeezed.
4) Firing Elbow Placement – the location of the firing
elbow is important in providing balance.
5) Non-firing Elbow – position firmly under the rifle to
elbow for comfortable and stable position.
6) Stock Weld – should provide for a natural line of sight
through the center of the rear sight aperture to the front sight post
and to the target, fire’s neck should be relaxed check fall into the
stock.
 b. _Aiming_ – refers to the precise alignment of the rifle
sights with the target.

Things to remember in aiming:

1) Correct sight alignment – placing the center tip of the

front sight post in the exact center of the sight aperture.
2) Correct sight picture – has the target, front sight post
and rear sight aligned. The sight picture include two basic elements:
sight alignment and placement of the aiming point.

c. _Breath Control– the third marksmanship fundamental

refers to the control of breathing to help keep the rifle steady.

Two (2) types of breath control techniques

1) The first is the technique used during zeroing (and

when time is available to fire a shot). Breathing should stop after most
of the air has been exhaled during the normal breathing cycle. The
shot must be fired before the fired feels any discomfort.
2) The second is employed during rapid firs (short
exposure targets). Using this techniques the soldier hold his breath
when he is about to squeeze the trigger, therefore the firer must
detect, acquire and engage the target before the exposure ends.

d. _Trigger Control– The fourth marksmanship fundamental is

trigger control. It is the independent action of the forefinger on the
trigger pulling it straight to the rear with uniformly increasing
pressure until the weapon is fired.

Guideline for Proper Trigger Squeeze:

The trigger finger (index finger on the firing hand) is placed

on the trigger between the first join and the tip of the finger (not the
extreme) and is adjusted depending on hand size and grip. Squeeze
should start with a slight figure straight to the rear avoiding the left or
right twisting movement while observing the slack. To apply the
remaining pressure continuously and the rifle is fired without
disturbing its lay.
 c. FIRING POSITIONS COMMONLY USED

1) _Prone Position– provides the most stable platform

for engaging targets and presents a low silhouette and easily adapted
with the use of cover and support.
2) _Standing Position- is used in the assault, to engage
surprise target and when no other position can be used.
3) _Kneeling Position– is suitable for ground that slope
gently upward and when there are obstacles that hinders good target
acquisition.
4) Military Operation in Urban Terrain (MOUT) firing
position- although the same principles of rifle marksmanship apply,
the selection and use of firing positions during MOUT requires some
special considerations.

Examples:

a) Firing over Rooftops – requires long range

observation and only expose the parts of the body necessary to
engage target.
b) Firing around Obstacle – firing from around
corner requires the soldier to avoid exposing himself to enemy fire by
firing from opposite shoulder.
c) Firing from Windows – highlight the need to
stay in the shadow while firing from the windows and the
requirements for cover and rifle support.

d. DRY FIRE

A technique used to simulate the firing of live round with

an empty weapon. Any application of the four (4) fundamentals of
marksmanship without live ammunition may be referred to as dry fire.

Two examples of Dry Fire

1) _Target Box Exercise– rifle holding device checks

consistency of aiming three round shot groups in a dry fire
environment. The target man triangulates the three shots and labels it
shot group number one. 1 cm is the standard requirement and may be
compared to obtain a 4-cm shot group on 25 meter live firing range.
2) _Dime (washer) Exercise_– dry fire technique used to
teach or evaluate the skill of trigger squeeze and is effective when
conducted from an unsupported position.

e. _PEER COACHING_

1) Benefits – can enhance learning of both of them.

2) Duties

a) Peer coach assists the firer to obtain a good

firing position and adjusting sand bags or any available support.
b) Watches the firer and sees to it that the firer
maintains a proper relax steady position, holds his breath before the
final trigger squeeze, and applies initial pressure to the trigger with
no noticeable trigger jerks, filches eye blink or other reaction in
anticipating the rifle firing. If the firer is tensed and nervous, the
coach advises the firer to breathe deeply several times and relax.

f. _GROUPING – is a live fire exercise shooting tight shot

group in a consistent location. (4 cm or smaller diameter) When the
firer can consistently place three rounds within 4 cm radius circle at
25 meters regardless of a group location, he is ready to zero his rifle
M16A1.

Step in Marking a shot Groups;

1) Locate the bullet holes.

2) Connect three bullet holes on the target with a
straight line.
3) Number the shot group.
4) Mark the approximate center of the shot group with
an “x”.

Purpose of Marking an “X” – “X” represent the center of

the three 93) shots. “X” is placed closer to the two near shots. This is
not a precise marking that requires measurement but it is a procedure
to help shot group analysis. The three rounds shot group confirm the
variation inherent in the rifle, ammunition and firer.
 Locating Center of Shot Groups – the central point of all
nine (9) bullets fired can be found treating the “X” as a single bullet.

g. RIFLE SIGHTS AND SIGHT ADJUSTMENT

The sights are adjustable for both elevation and wind age.

1) Windage Adjustment - are made on the rear sight and

elevation adjustment on the front sight.

a) Rear Sight – consist of a two (2) aperture and a

wind age drum with a spring loaded detent. The aperture mark L is
used for ranges beyond 300 meter
b) Front sight – consist of a round rotating sight
post with a five – position spring loaded detent.

2) Sight Changes – to make sight changes, the firer first

locate the center of his three rounds shot group and then determine
the distance between it and the desired location. An error in elevation
is measure horizontally.

Elevation Adjustment – to raise the strike of the

bullet, rotate the front sight post the desired number of clicks (in the
direction of the arrow marked R) reverse the direction of the arrow
marked R reverse the direction of the rotation to move the strike of
the bullet to the left.

a. ZEROING

Adjusting rifle to bullet hits to the aiming point at a given

range.
Conduct of Zeroing on a 25-Meters Range

1) The best possible zero is obtained by zeroing at

actual range. Because facilities normally do not exist for zeroing at
250 meters, most zeroing is conducted at 25 meters by pushing the
rear sight forward so that LRS is exposed. Using the L-sight firer
consistently aims target center of mass then fires three separate
three-round shot groups and numbers them. Based on the location of
these groups, the firer would make the sight adjustments. After the
sight changes are made, three more three-round shot groups are
fired. Using the same produced to confirm the zero. The shot groups
must be centered with in the zero circle.
2) Mechanical zero/initial sight setting – to mechanically
zero the weapon, the firer adjust the front sight post up or down until
the base of the front sight post is flush with the wall. Then adjust the
front sight post 11 clicks in the direction of up or clockwise. This
move the post down into the well eleven (11) clicks. The soldier turns
the rear sight wind age drum until it moves all the way to the left side
and locks.

3) Recording of Zero, M16A1

a) Front Sight – elevation zero. Since the center of

the shot groups was determined to be two squares high. The
correction would be two(2) clicks down. With the initial setting of 11
this would be 11 minus 2, or 9 and should be recorded as 9 up.
b) Rear Sight – wind age zero. Since the center of
the shot groups was determined to be seven (7) clicks squares to the
right, the correction would be seven (7) clicks left. This would be 17
minus 7 or 10 and should be recorded as R10. The data record for the
firer in this example.

RECORDING OF DATA
MSG TEDDY R ZAMORA (OS) PA
01 Jun 02
FS 9 ----10
SN # ----671926
Note: These data are not transferable.
4) Battle Sight Zero – to battle sight zero the rifle, the
soldier must understand sight adjustment procedure. The objective of
the battle sight zero is to find a zero range that allows for target
engagement out to the maximum possible range while requiring
minimum adjustments to the aiming point.

a) LRS – setting the sight to LRS to hit at 25

meters where the line of the sight and bullet trajectory actually
coincides and again at 375 meters.
b) SRS – flipping back to SRS to hit at 42 meters
where the line of the sight and bullet trajectory actually coincides and
again at 250 meters. Most combat target are expected to be engaged
in the ranges from 0 to 300 meters, therefore, the 250 meter battle
sight zero is the setting that reaming on the fire. All target can be hit
out to a range of 300 meters without major adjustment to the aiming
point.

Trajectory (SRS) – passes through mass of all targets

of all out to 300 meters.
Trajectory (SRS) – passes through mass of all targets
from 325 meters to maximum effective range.

i. EFFECTIVE RATE OF FIRE:

1) Slow Semi-Automatic Fire – one round every 3 to 10

seconds used during grouping, zeroing, qualifying and during
training allows for a slow precise application of marksmanship
fundamentals.
2) Rapid Semi-Automatic Fire – one round every 1 to 2
seconds, allows the firer to deliver a large volume of accurate fire
while conserving the ammunition.
3) Full Automatic Fire (burst ) – should be utilized only
after the soldier has demonstrated expertise during slow and rapid
fire. 3 to 13 rounds per seconds into the designated area, for a few
seconds may necessary to gain initial superiority.

j. _METHODS OF ENGAGING MOVING TARGETS_

Moving Target Engagement – the enemy normally moves

by rushes from one covered or concealed position to another. The
moving target is open to aimed fire.
1) Two primary Techniques of Engaging Moving
Targets:

a) _Tracking_ – engaging moving targets where

the lead is established and maintained moving with the targets as the
trigger is squeezed.

Ex. The firer establishes and maintained aiming point in

relation to the target.
 b) _Trapping_– a technique of engaging a moving
targets. The aiming point is established forward of the target, the rifle
is held stationary and fired as the target approaches the aiming point.
Ex. The firer setting up an aiming point forward of the
target and along the target path. The trigger squeezed as the target
comes in sight.

In combat defensive or offensive position a soldier do

not know if their target will be stationary or moving, what is important
is to fire immediately at targets occur.

Note: Moving target fundamentals – is the same as

engaging stationary targets and the procedure used to engage
moving targets vary as the angle, speed and distance.

2) Tips to improve Performance in Combat

a) All soldiers should understand and apply the

single lead rule.
b) The moving targets coming towards them on or
a slight angle (0 to 15 degree) should be engage as stationary targets.
c) Information should be presented and practiced
should allowed on applying addition lead to targets.

k. TECHNIQUE OF QUICK FIRE

Quick Fire (Instinctive or Quick Kill) – a technique of fire

used to engage surprise targets at close range or to deliver fast
effective fire for targets at close ranges (25m or less). Fire may be
delivered in semi-auto/burst.

1) Two (2) techniques of delivering quick fire

a) Aimed – when presented with a target bring the
rifle up to the shoulder and quickly fire a single shot. The firing eye
locks through or just over the rear sight aperture and uses the front
sight post to aim at the target, a target at 25m or less may be
accurately engaging in one (1) second or less.

b) Pointed – when presented with a target, keep

the rifle at side and quickly fires single shoot or burst. Both eye open
and uses instinct and peripheral vision to line up the rifle with the
target. A target of 15m or less may be engage in less than one
second.

The difference is speed of delivery between this two

(2) techniques is small, pointed quick fire can be delivered about one
tenth of a second faster than aimed quick fire.

2) Key to Successful Employment of Quick Fire

a) Repeatedly practice during dry fire training.

b) Live fire exercise.
c) Tactical consideration dictate which technique
is effective in any situation and when single shot or bursts fire is
used.

Note: Pointed and aimed quick fire should be used only

when a target cannot be engageb fast enough using the sight in a
normal manner. This technique should be limited to targets appearing
at 25m or less.

l. _EFFECTS OF GRAVITY_

1) Effects on Ammunition – the bullet begins to fall as

soon as it leaves the muzzle of the rifle. The maximum speed or
velocity of the bullet is at muzzle, at first the bullet travel fast,
covering the 25 meters segment (275-300 meters) is covered at an
average speed of 1,450 mph.

Gravity – _cause the rate of drop to increase as flight time

increases. The effect of gravity and wind increase as the range
increases.

2) Compensation of gravity – the firer therefore must

compensate for the effects of gravity to engage high priority targets.
3) Adjusted Aiming Point – intended to increase hit
probability in combat. Adjusted aiming point to allow for the effect of
gravity. Usually a soldier should aim low for targets closer than 250
meters and aim high for targets further away than 250 meters.
 m. EFFECT OF WIND

Wind affects the bullet similar to gravity as range

increases. _The effects of wind vary depending on changes in wind
speed and direction. The clock system is used to indicate wind
deviation and value. The clock system is used to indicate wind
deviation and value.

1) A 10 Mph full value wind – move an M16A1 (M1930

bullet about –inch at 25 meters to about 46 inch at 475 meters. A wind
of greater speed increases bullet movement by nay movement.
2) A 15 Mph wind – moves the bullet at all ranges 1- time
more than a 10 Mph wind. Effects of wind are much greater at larger
ranges.

Ex. Wind measurements

Flag method – constant number 4

Pointing method – divided by 4

Basic Rule – When in doubt, aim at the center of the target.

n. ELEMENTS OF CORRECT SIGHT PICTURE

1) _Slight Alignment_– The sight is aligned when the top

of the front sight is exactly on the center of the rear sight aperture.
2) _Aiming Point_– is the target where the sights are
aligned with.

o. RANGE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1) The bolt of all rifles must be opened always

2) All loading and unloading is executed on the firing
line with the muzzle of the rifle pointing towards the target. Strictly no
loading behind the firing line.
3) No weapon is loaded until the command load is
given.
 4) All firing must be controlled by signals, commands
will be given by the designated range officer/NCO. Do not fire until the
command fire is given.
5) At the command “CEASE FIRING” all trigger finger
must be automatically removed from the trigger and shift to safe.

6) No weapon is to be removed from the firing line until

it has been expected to see to it that it is clear with ammo and safety
lever at safe, bolt must be opened always.
7) No person is allowed beyond the firing line for any
reason or purpose. No weapon is carried in front of the firing line.
8) After firing, place the selector lever at safe, remove
magazine and always keep the bolt open.
9) In case of malfunction or alibi, do immediate actions
or remedial actions which make the barrel pointing to the target. If
failed, raise hand, but alibi to be assisted by the DI or COACH.
10) Anyone observing an unsafe act will immediately call
CEASEFIRE.
11) Consider the rifle loaded at all times, even in the
break areas. Never point the rifle to anyone you not want to hurt.

p. MARKSMANSHIP QUALIFICATION

RATING OLD NEW ACROE OLD

(New)
Expert 28-40 36-40 180-200 140-200
Sharpshoot 24-27 30-35 155- 120-135
er 1179
Marksman 17-23 23-29 120-154 85-115
Unqualified 16- 22- 119- 80-
below below below below