Atoms, Elements and Molecules & Compounds and Mixtures

Atoms & Elements and
Compounds & Mixtures

Atoms
What are atoms?
• Atoms are the smallest indivisible particle of matter that can exist on its own.
• An atom consists of a central nucleus with electrons orbiting it.
• The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons
• Electrons orbit nucleus in fixed “shells” while protons and neutrons are fixed
and located in the central nucleus.
• Electrons protons and neutrons are referred to as sub-atomic particles.
Structure of an Atom
• The nucleus of the atom contains protons

(positive charges) and neutrons (no charge).
• The outermost regions of the atom are called
the electron shells and contains the electrons
(negatively charged)
• Atoms have different properties based on the
arrangement and number of their basic
particles.
Atomic Mass
• Neutron,
protons, and electrons are very small in mass
• Protons and neutrons have approximated the same mass, about . This number is
defined as one atomic mass unit.
• Although similar in mass, protons are positively charged, while neutrons have
no charge. Therefore, the number of neutrons in an atom contributes
significantly to its mass, but no its charge.
• Electrons are much smaller in mass than protons (about 1/1800 of an atomic
mass unity. Therefore, they do not contribute much to an element’s atomic mass.
Atomic charge
Mass • Electrons contribute greatly to the atom’s charge, as

Charge Location
(amu) each electron has a negative charge (-1) equal to the
positive charge (+1) of a proton.
Proton +1 1 Nucleus
• In an uncharged, neutral atom, the number of electron
orbiting the nucleus is equal to the number of protons
Neutron 0 1 Nucleus inside the nucleus.
• In these atoms, the positive and negative charges
Electron -1 0 Outer shell cancel each other out, leading to an atom with no net
charges
Key Terms
• Atoms: the smallest possible amount of matter which still retains its identity as
a chemical element, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
• Proton: Positively charged subatomic particles forming part of the nucleus of
an atom
• Neutron: a subatomic particle that has no charge.
Key Terms
• Mass number: the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons
in an atom
• Atomic number: the number of protons in an atom
• Atomic mass: the average mass of an atom, taking into account all its naturally
occurring isotopes
Atomic Number
• The number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element. An atom can
be classified as a particular element solely on its atomic number.
• Represented by the letter Z
• Since atoms are neutral, the number of electrons in an atom is equal to the
number of protons.
Mass number
• The total number of protons and neutron is an atom

• Represent by the letter A
Atomic number & Mass Number
Mass number = Relative Atomic Mass
12 16
C O
Element Symbol
6 8
Atomic Number
The Periodic Table
The Periodic Table
• The elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number.

• The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
• The identity of the element is defined by the number of protons in the nucleus.
• The number of protons determines how many electrons surround the nucleus,
and it is the arrangement of these electrons that determine most of the chemical
behaviour of an element.
The Periodic Table
• The elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic

number, elements having similar chemical properties
naturally line up the same column (group).
Electron configurations and the periodic table
• Elements are placed in order on the periodic table based on their atomic
number (= the number of protons)
• In a neutral atom, the number of electron will equal the number of protons, so
we can easily determine electron number from atomic number.
• In addition the its position of the periodic table the atomic number of an
element gives useful information about how the electrons are arranged.
Electronic Configuration
• Indicates the distribution of electrons amongst the shells.

Electron Shells and Orbitals
Bohr’s model.
• This model shows the atom as a
central nucleus containing protons
and neutrons, with the electrons in
circular electron shells at specific
distances from the nucleus
• Each electron shell has a different
energy level, with the shells closet
to the nucleus being lower in energy
than those further from the nucleus.
• The outer most shell with electrons
in it is called the valence shell
• Atoms are most stable and least
reactive when their outermost
electron shell (8 electrons) is full.
Elements & Molecules
What are elements?
• Substances containing only one type of atom

• Most elements exist as solids and gases.
• Caesium, mercury, gallium and bromine are the only elements which exists as
liquids at room temperature.
What are molecules?
• Molecules are made up of two or more atoms of the same or different elements.
Compounds & Mixtures
What is a compound?
• These are substances containing two or more different types of atoms

chemically bonded together.
• Compounds cannot be easily separated into their elements.
• The physical and chemical properties of a compound are totally different from
the elements make it up.
Sodium + Chlorine Sodium Chloride

White, crystalline non-metal
Soft, grey, shiny metal Pale green gas
Highly reactive Poisonous gas Safe to eat

Naming Compounds
and Writing Formulae
The many combination of atoms give rise to a
myriad of compounds.
Naming
Compounds & Every compound has its own name and
formula
Writing
Formula
The formula is the shortened version of a
compound’s name and shows the ration of
atoms present in one molecule.
Naming Compounds & Writing Formulae
• The formula shows the ratio of atoms present in one molecule.

• Example: Carbon dioxide. The compound is contains 1 carbon and 2 oxygen
per molecule
Combination of Sodium and Chlorine
Types of Compounds
• A metal and a non-metal

• A metal and a radical (a group of atoms which remain bonded together during a
chemical reaction)
• A non-metal and a non-metal
What is a mixture?
• A mixture consists of two or more different elements and/or compounds that

are physically intermingled or combined
• Mixtures can be separated easily
Difference between Mixtures and Compounds
Mixtures Compounds
• Separate easily • Difficult to separate
• Properties are the same as the • Properties are totally different from the
elements than make them up elements that make them up
• Energy is usually given out or taken in
• Energy is not given out or taken
when it is made
when it is made
• Composition of elements is in fixed
• Composition of elements is variable proportion.
Quick Questions
Write the symbols for the following a. Carbon

elements: b. Fluorine
a. Sodium c. Silver
b. Magnesium d. Iron
c. Phosphorous e. Oxygen
d. Aluminium
Quick question
2. Divide the following into elements, mixtures and compounds

a) Sea water
b) Ink
c) Table salt
d) Gold
e) Aluminium oxide
f) Water

Atoms, Elements and Molecules & Compounds and Mixtures

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Atoms, Elements and Molecules & Compounds and Mixtures

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Atoms, Elements and Molecules & Compounds and Mixtures

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Atoms & Elements and

Compounds & Mixtures

• The nucleus of the atom contains protons

Mass • Electrons contribute greatly to the atom’s charge, as

• The total number of protons and neutron is an atom

Mass number = Relative Atomic Mass

• The elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number.

• The elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic

• Indicates the distribution of electrons amongst the shells.

• Substances containing only one type of atom

• These are substances containing two or more different types of atoms

Sodium + Chlorine Sodium Chloride

Highly reactive Poisonous gas Safe to eat

• The formula shows the ratio of atoms present in one molecule.

• A metal and a non-metal

• A mixture consists of two or more different elements and/or compounds that

Write the symbols for the following a. Carbon

2. Divide the following into elements, mixtures and compounds

You might also like