Chapter 4

Internet of
Things (IoT)
Global Network of Smart
physical Things
 Topic : Objectives

• At the end of this chapter students should understand:

• Overview of IoT
• Advantages of IoT
• Challenges of IoT
• How IoT works ( Architectures, IoT Trends, Devices and Networks, Examples of IoT
Applications, Management Platform for the Internet of Things)
• IoT Across Application Domains(Homes, Cities, healthcare, energy, Agriculture, transport …
etc.)
• IoT Tools and Application Development Platforms
• IoT Tools
• IoT Platforms

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 2

 Overview of IoT
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects
or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and
network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect
and exchange data.
• Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of devices which can
sense, accumulate and transfer data over the internet without
any human intervention.
• Internet of Things (IoT) is here to change the world we know.
• Smart cars, smart homes, smart cities, everything
around us can be turned into a smart device with the
help of Internet of Thing
• IoT surely brings the coolness factor to technology.
• Simply stated, the Internet of Things consists of any device
with an on/off switch connected to the Internet.

11/24/2021 Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 3

 Conceptual framework (2020) of IoT

• IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors

• IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital
machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers
(UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-
to-human or human-to-computer interaction
• A thing in the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a
farm animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors
to alert the driver when tire pressure is low or any other natural or man-made
object that can be assigned an IP address and is able to transfer data over a
network

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 4

 • IoT includes many different systems, including
Overview of • Internet-connected cars
• wearable devices including health and fitness
IoT – Type of monitoring devices, watches, and even human
implanted devices;
Systems • smart meters and smart objects;
• home automation systems and lighting controls;
• smartphones that are increasingly being used to
measure the world around them; and
• wireless sensor networks that measure weather,
flood defenses, tides and more

11/24/2021 5
Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT
 • Advantage
• Improved(active) Customer Engagement
Pros and • Technology Optimization
• Reduced Waste
cons of IoT • Enhanced Data Collection(sensors do that)

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 6

 • Disadvantages
• Increased Security Concern( more devices
and more info created and shared)
• Big Data Management issue( handling huge
Pros and numbers)
• The higher chance of system corruption (if
cons of IoT there is a bug in any part of the system)
• Device Interoperability( multiple, different
device vendors with no accepted standard)

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 7

 • There are key challenges and implications today
that need to be addressed before the mass
adoption of IoT can occur that include:
• Privacy and Security ( refer to the security
issues at different Layers of IOT)
Key IoT • Trust and quality of-information in shared
information models
Challenges • Secure exchange of data between IoT
devices and consumers of their
information
• Protection mechanisms for vulnerable
devices

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 8

 • Challenges Cont’d…
• Cost versus Usability – reduction in cost of
Key IoT devices and mechanism to use devices is
expected
Challenges – • Interoperability
• With numerous sources of data and
heterogeneous devices, the use of standard
interfaces between these diverse entities
becomes important
• Data Management
• the volume of the generated data and the
Cont’d… processes involved in the handling of those
data become critical

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 9

 • Challenges Cont’d…
• Device Energy Consumption Level
Key IoT • How to interconnect “things” in an
Challenges – interoperable way while taking into
account the energy constraints
• Communication between devices
takes the most energy
Cont’d…

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 10

 How IoT Works

• An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart

devices that use
• embedded processors
• sensors and
• communication hardware
to collect, send and act on data they acquire from
their environments. 

11/24/2021 Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11

 How IoT Works Cont’d…

IoT devices share the sensor data they where data is either sent to the cloud to Sometimes, these devices communicate
collect by connecting to be analyzed or analyzed locally. with other related devices and act on the
information they get from one another
an IoT gateway or
another edge device

11/24/2021 Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 12

Wireless sensor network installed in a factory, connected to the Internet via a gateway

11/24/2021 Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 13

How IoT Works - the 4 stages

1 2 3 4
Stage 1 (Sensors/Actuators) Stage 2 (Data Acquisition Stage 3 (Edge Analytics) Stage 4 (Cloud Analytics)
• A thing in the context of “Internet of Systems): • Once IoT data has been digitized and • Data that needs more in-depth
Things”, should be equipped with • The data from the sensors starts in aggregated, it may require further processing gets forwarded to physical
sensors and actuators thus giving the analogue form which needs to be processing before it enters the data data centers or cloud-based systems.
ability to emit, accept and process aggregated and converted into digital center, this is where Edge Analytics
signals streams for further processing. comes in
• This stage performs these data
aggregation and conversion functions

11/24/2021 Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 14

IoT Architecture

In general, an IoT device can be explained as a Hence, the architecture of IoT devices comprises
network of things that consists of hardware, four major components: sensing, network, data
software, network connectivity, and sensors. processing, and application layers

11/24/2021 Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 15

IoT Layered
Architecture

11/24/2021 Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 16

 IoT Layered Architecture - descriptions

• Smart device / sensing layer

• The main purpose of the sensing layer is to identify any phenomena in the devices’
peripheral and obtain data from the real world.
• Lowest layer, made up of smart objects integrated with sensors,
• The sensors enable the interconnection of the physical and digital worlds allowing
real-time information to be collected and processed
• Sensors in IoT devices are usually integrated through sensor hubs.
• A sensor hub is a common connection point for multiple sensors that accumulate and
forward sensor data to the processing unit of a device.
• Actuators can also intervene to change the physical conditions that generate the
data.

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 17

 IoT Layered Architecture - descriptions

• Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into three broad categories

• Motion Sensors: Motion sensors measure the change in motion as well as the
orientation of the devices. (linear and angular motions)
• Environmental Sensors: Sensors such as Light sensors, Pressure sensors, etc. are
embedded in IoT devices to sense the change in environmental parameters in the
device’s peripheral
• Position sensors: Position sensors of IoT devices deal with the physical position
and location of the device. The most common position sensors used in IoT
devices are magnetic sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors.

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 18

 IoT- Architecture : Smart device / sensor
layer
Here is a list of some of the measurement devices used in IoT:

• acoustic sensors
temperature
accelerometers
sensors • light sensors
• pressure sensors
proximity
• gas RFID sensors
magnetometers
sensors • humidity sensors
• microflow sensors
gyroscopes image sensors

11/24/2021 Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 19

 20

IoT- Architecture : Gateways and

Networks Layer

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT

11/24/2021

In IoT devices, the network layer

is implemented by using diverse
The network layer acts as a
communication technologies
communication channel to
(e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-
transfer data, collected in the
Wave, LoRa, cellular network,
sensing layer, to other connected
etc.) to allow data flow between
devices.
other devices within the same
network.
 IoT- Architecture : Data processing Layer

• The data processing layer takes data collected in the sensing layer and
analyses the data to make decisions based on the result.
• In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart home hub, etc.), the data
processing layer also saves the result of the previous analysis to improve
the user experience.
• This layer may share the result of data processing with other connected
devices via the network layer.

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 21

 IoT- Architecture : Application Layer

• The application layer implements and presents the results of the data
processing layer to accomplish disparate applications of IoT devices
• The application layer is a user-centric layer that executes various tasks for
the users.
• There exist diverse IoT applications, which include smart transportation,
smart home, personal care, healthcare, etc.

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 22

IoT Devices and Networks

IoT devices are meant to work in unified

group for people at home, in industry or
in the enterprise. As such, the devices
IOT Devices
can be categorized into three main
groups: consumer, enterprise and
industrial.

smart meters, commercial security

Consumer connected devices include systems and smart city technologies
smart TVs, smart speakers, toys, such as those used to monitor traffic
wearables, and smart appliances. and weather conditions are examples of
industrial and enterprise IoT devices.

11/24/2021 Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 23

 IoT-Devices and Networks
Cont’d…

• In the enterprise, smart sensors located in a conference room can help an

employee locate and schedule an available room for a meeting, ensuring
the proper room type, size and features are available. When meeting
attendees enter the room, the temperature will adjust according to the
occupancy, and the lights will dim as the appropriate PowerPoint loads on
the screen and the speaker begins his presentation.

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 24

 IoT- Devices and Networks
Cont’d…
• IoT Networks
• IoT network typically includes a number of devices with constrained resources (power,
processing, memory, among others) and some of those devices may be massively
deployed over large areas like smart cities, industrial plants, whereas others may be
deployed in hard-to-reach areas like pipelines hazardous zones, or even in hostile
environments like war zones.
• Therefore, the efficient management of IoT networks requires considering both the
constraints of low power IoT devices and the deployment complexity of the underlying
communication infrastructure
• Indeed, it is necessary to take into account several elements such as scalability,
interoperability, energy efficiency, topology control, Quality of Service (QoS), fault
tolerance, and security.

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 25

 IoT- Trend, Devices and Networks
Cont’d…
• IoT Networks Cont’d…
• a platform for IoT networks and devices management, called M4DN.IoT
(Management for Device and Network in the Internet of Things). This
solution integrates and controls the individual functionalities of the
devices in an IoT network as well as the status and characteristics of
this network.
• M4DN.IoT defines a management structure in two scopes: local
management, where the platform runs in the same environment as the
devices, and remote management, where the platform controls the
devices in different networks.

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 26

 Illustration of an IoT scenario

• A simplified representation of an IoT network. It encompasses

end devices, gateways, communication links, IoT applications,
and services.
• A typical scenario involving those entities include end devices
collecting data from an environment (e.g., temperature,
luminosity, movement) and reporting it to a supervision entity
(hosted by an IoT platform and service provider) via different
communication technologies and gateways.
• Must have a means to device provisioning, administration,
monitoring, and diagnostics important for trouble replication and
corrective measures.
• An Ideal solution will provide a means for managing all devices
from one dashboard.

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 27

 Consumer
IoT, Industrial
IoT,
Commercial
IoT and
Enterprise
IoT

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 28

 Application of IOT

11/24/2021 Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 29

IoT Across
Application
Domains -13
application domains
have taken up IOT

11/24/2021 Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 30

IoT Applications - Smart Homes

Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely manage and monitor different
home devices from anywhere via smartphones or over the web with no physical
distance limitations.

Smart Home has become a reality where

These “smart” devices have the potential to share
all devices are integrated and information with each other.
interconnected via the wireless network.

11/24/2021 Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 31

 IoT Applications - Smart Homes

• Smart Home Appliances:

• Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely appliances to avoid accidents and save energy
• Refrigerators with LCD screen telling what’s inside, food that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to buy and
with all the information available on a smartphone app.
• Washing machines allowing you to monitor the laundry remotely, and.
• Kitchen ranges with interface to a Smartphone app allowing remotely adjustable temperature control and
monitoring the oven’s self-cleaning feature,
• Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems making people feel safe in their daily life at home,
• Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door openings and violations to prevent intruders
• Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity, temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain
levels with ability to transmit data over long distances
• Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain advice on how to save cost
and resources

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 32

 IoT Across Application - Smart Energy
Applications

• Energy Applications
• IoT provides a way to not only monitor the energy usage at the
appliance-level but also at the house-level, grid level or could be at the
distribution level.
• Smart Meters & Smart Grid are used to monitor energy consumption.

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 33

 IoT Across Application - Smart Energy
Applications
• With smart grids energy
distribution can be
optimized.
• These grids also keep
collecting real-time data
which helps in distributing
electricity efficiently and also
to reduce the outages.

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 34

 IoT Across Application - Smart City
Applications
• Lighting : intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights.
• Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with warning messages and diversions
according to climate conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic
jams
• Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces availability in the city
making residents able to identify and reserve the closest available spaces
• Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the
trash collection routes.
• Garbage cans and recycle bins with RFID tags allow the sanitation staff to see
when garbage has been put out

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 35

 IoT Across Application - Smart City
Applications

• In Smart Cities, the development of smart grids, data analytics, and

autonomous vehicles will provide an intelligent platform to deliver
innovations in
• Energy management,
• Traffic management, and
• Security,
by sharing the benefits of this technology throughout society

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 36

 IoT- in Agriculture – Smart Agriculture

• Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the production of fruits and vegetables and
its quality,
• Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw, etc. to prevent fungus and
other microbial contaminants,
• Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals grazing in open pastures or location in
big stables, Study of ventilation and air quality in farms and detection of harmful gases from excrements,
• Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal farms to ensure its survival and
health,
• Field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better monitoring, accurate ongoing data
obtaining, and management of the agriculture fields, including better control of fertilizing, electricity and
watering

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 37

 IoT-in Agriculture – Smart Agriculture

• The task of irrigation can be

automated with the help of
IoT.
• A set of sensors such as light,
humidity, temperature can
be used to continuously
monitor the field conditions

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 38

 IoT Application- Smart Healthcare Application

• Smartwatches and fitness devices have changed the frequency of health monitoring.
• People can monitor their own health at regular intervals.
• Not only this, now if a patient is coming to the hospital by ambulance, by the time he or
she reaches the hospital his health report is diagnosed by doctors and the hospital quickly
starts the treatment.
• The data gathered from multiple healthcare applications are now collected and used to
analyze different disease and find its cure.
• Hospitals often use IoT systems to complete tasks such as inventory management, for
both pharmaceuticals and medical instruments

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 39

 Example IoT health applications

11/24/2021 Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 40

 IoT Application- Smart Healthcare Application
Cont’d…
• Wearable electronic devices are small devices worn on the head, neck, arms, torso, and feet.
• Current smart wearable devices include:
• Head – Helmets, glasses
• Neck – Jewelry, collars
• Arm – Watches, wristbands, rings
• Torso – Clothing, backpacks
• Feet – Socks, shoes
• Wearable devices are also used for public safety
• Improving first responders' response times during emergencies by providing optimized routes to a
location or by tracking construction workers' or firefighters' vital signs at life-threatening sites

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 41

IoT Application- Smart Healthcare Application Cont’d…

11/24/2021 Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 42

 IoT Application- Smart Education Application

• IoT provides education aids which help in filling the gaps in the education
industry.
• It not only improves the quality of education but also optimizes the cost
and improves the management by taking into consideration students
response and performance.

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 43

 IoT Application- Air and Water Pollution,
Hazards etc.

• Through various sensors, we can detect the pollution in the air and water
by frequent sampling.
• This helps in preventing substantial contamination and related disasters
• The Internet of Things platform can be used to accumulate data related to
a specific geographic location using remote monitoring tools and perform
analytics so that early warnings of a disaster can be found out.

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 44

 IoT Tools and Application Development
Platforms

• IoT Platform:
• IoT platform is an essential component of a huge IoT ecosystem that
supports and connects all components within the system.
• It helps to facilitate device management, handle hardware/software
communication protocols, collect/analyze data, enhance data flow and
functionality of smart applications

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 45

 IoT Tools and Application Development
Platforms

• The overall IoT system includes

• Hardware (devices and sensors)
• Connectivity through a router, gateway, wi-fi, satellite, Ethernet, etc.
• Software
• User interface 

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 46

 IoT Tools and Application Development
Platforms

Special cloud-based IoT platforms

Cloud hosting has become a wide- support the Internet-based
IoT, directly depending on Internet,
spread and generally appreciated functions of the application –
definitely benefits from all the
method of developing and running running, maintenance, analytics,
advantages of cloud computing
various technology solutions, data storage, and security
measures.

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 47

 End of the
Chapter

Thanks

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT 11/24/2021 48