THE IDEAL GAS (Topic6)

THE IDEAL GAS
Topic 6
• An ideal gas is such as only in the sense that it conforms to
the simple perfect gas laws. There is no distinct line of
demarcation for an actual gas between states where it acts
“ideally” and where it does not, the engineer must often
make a decision based on his experience and know how.
• All gases approach the ideal gas behaviour as pressure
decreases, because the molecules are getting farther a
part so that forces of attraction between molecules are
approaching zero and the molecules themselves are
occupying a negligible part of the volume.
• Real gases behave approximately like the ideal gas model
at sufficiently low pressure and high temperature.

BOYLE’S LAW (T=C)
If the temperature of a given quantity of gas is
held constant, the volume of gas varies inversely
with the absolute pressure during a change of
state.
1
P T=C
2
𝑃
𝑧 Or
V
2. CHARLE’S LAW
a) Constant pressure (P=c)
If the pressure on a particular quantity of gas is
held constant, then with any change of state,
the volume will vary directly as the absolute
temperature.

(the line 1-2 represents a process)

(Isobaric)
b) Constant volume ( V=C)
If the volume of particular quantity of gas is held
constant then with any change of state, the
pressure will vary directly as the absolute
temperature.
T
𝑃1 .1
𝑇
𝑃2 𝑇 .2
2
1
( the line 1-2 represent constant volume (isometric)process)

• AVOGADRO’S LAW
3)
Amadeo Avogadro (1776 – 1856) stated that :
“Equal volumes of all ideal gases at a particular
pressure and temperature contain the same
number of molecules” This statement is true
only for an ideal gas. The number of molecules
in a mole of any substance is a constant called
Avogadro’s number the molecular mass M is
proportional to the mass m of a molecule, or
for any substance X and Y
•Or
any two gases X and Y when each occupying the same volume at the same pressure and
For
temperature.
or
Note: The quantity of material in a system can be described by either mass or the number
of moles. It is often convenient to measure the amount of gas in terms of the number of
moles ռ, rather than mass m. Since the molecular mass M is the mass per mole, the total
mass is given by.
EQUATION OF STATE
In the thermodynamic process involving a gas, the
relation between the pressure, specific volume and
temperature of the vapour phase (not in contact with
the liquid phase) maybe expressed by an equation that
is called an equation of state. This statement is based
on the fact that pure substance has only two
independent properties.
The state of the substance in the gaseous phase is
defined by two independent intensive properties
temperature T and pressure P, and the independent
extensive property mass M. consider the fig. for any
two states 1&2 (see Fig.)
1
a
then: ①
b 2
constant volume process
But
②
Equate ① &②
or , 𝑃 Ѵռ

𝑜𝑟 =𝐶
then 𝑇ռ
• ideal gas equation
The
Where; P=press, k
R- Different for gases but for at least sufficiently high

temperature and low pressure it turns to be the same.
•
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1) The temperature of an ideal gas remains constant while the
absolute pressure 103.4 Kpaa to 827.2 Kpaa. a) If the initial
volume is 80L, what is the final volume? b)For 160gm of the gas,
determine the change of density, expressed as a percentage of
the initial density.
Sol. a) By Boyle’s Law
•
b) from:
thus,
since,
Subst. value,
2) At of methane have a total mass

of 1.82 kg. Using Avogadro’s principle find the mass of carbon
dioxide contained in a 0.85- tank at 2,068.44
Where: M- molecular mass
Let x= methane (CH4)

y =carbon dioxide (Co2 )
For methane, CH4 ( from Item B1 )
• x = 16.043
M
For CO2
At
For CO2 at the same
And so, mass of CO2 at
• It is planned to lift and move logs from almost in accessible
3)
forest areas by means of balloons. Helium at
atmospheric pressure (101.325 Kpaa) and temperature (21.10C)
is to be used in the balloons. What minimum diameter ( assume
spherical shape) will be required for a gross lifting force of 20
metric tons?
Given: Phe = atmospheric
= 101.325 kpaa From: Item BI
THe=21.1oC Rhe =
Required Balloon
= 287.08
𝑀 𝐻𝑒
𝑀 𝑎𝑖𝑟
W =20,000kg
Let; mass of air displaced by the balloon

MHe = mass of helium
V = volume of balloon
For air:
From: PV=mRT
•
For He
From the fig.
For the volume of balloon (spherical)

4) Two vessel A & B of different sizes are connected by a pipe with a valve. Vessel
A, contains 142 L of air at 2, 767.92 K𝝆aa, 93.330C. Vessel B, of unknown volume,
contains air at 68.95 k𝝆aa, 4.44oC. The valve is opened &, when the properties
have been determined it is found that Pm=1378.96 kpaa, tm = 43.33 oC.
What is the volume of vessel B?
Air Air
Vessel Vessel B

𝑉 𝐴 =124 𝐿 𝑉 𝐵 ?

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THE IDEAL GAS

(the line 1-2 represents a process)

( the line 1-2 represent constant volume (isometric)process)

constant volume process

R- Different for gases but for at least sufficiently high

2) At of methane have a total mass

Let x= methane (CH4)

Let; mass of air displaced by the balloon

From the fig.

For the volume of balloon (spherical)

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