Review of Literature

REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
MASTER IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
SATURDAY 8:00 AM-5:00PM
Review of Literature
It is an extensive survey of all available past studies relevant

to the field of investigation.
Composed of discussion of facts and principles to which the

present study is related.
Includes research findings, published or unpublished

theories and principles formulated by experts or authorities in
some field or discipline; and ideas or opinions of experts
contained in books, pamphlets, magazines and periodicals.
Purpose of Review
1. To gain a background knowledge of the research topic.
2. To identify the concepts relating to it, potential
relationships between them and to formulate researchable
hypothesis.
3. To identify appropriate methodology, research design,
methods of measuring concepts & techniques of analysis.
4. To identify data sources used by other researchers.
5. To learn how others structured their report.
Sources of Literature
Books and Journals

Electronic Databases
Bibliographic Databases
Abstract Databases
Full-Text Database
Government and Industry Reports
Internet
Research Dissertations / Thesis
Points to kept in mind while reviewing
literature
Read relevant literature
Refer original works
Read with comprehensions
Read in time
Index the literature
Example: (search at least 2 related literature for each
variables/parameters)
Demographic Profile
Age
Gender
etc.
Duties of BPAT
patrolling
fire prevention
etc.
AGE
Two studies that underline why age could impair performances,
according to Hanna and Freeman (2013) and Leonard-Barton (2015).
Accordingly, there are different reasons why age could harm
performance. In fact they affirmed their attention on the organizational
rigidities and inertia. In their perspective age can have adverse effects
on performance also because of the organizational rigidities and inertia
it brings about and because it impairs the ability of firms to perceive
valuable signals.
The Impact of Age on Firm Performance: Available from: https://

www.researchgate.net/publication/296020425_The_Impact_of_Age_on_Firm_Pe
rformance_a_Literature_Review
[accessed May 15 2021].
More recently, another researcher have analyzed the role age plays in the
performance of surviving firms (Garnsey et al., 2011). They explore processes
and paths of new firms growth. They “find that new firm growth is non-linear
and prone to interruptions and setbacks to an extent overlooked. From the
model of development used, five propositions are drawn concerning
measurable features of new firms' growth paths; these relate to patterns of
survival, continuousness of growth, turning points, reversals and cumulative
growth” (Garnsey et al., 2015)
Employee Longevity and Organizational Change: A Review. Available from:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29602042 [accessed May 15 2020].
METHODOLOGY
MASTER IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

SATURDAY 8:00 AM-5:00PM
Chapter 3 – METHODOLOGY
1. Research Design
2. Research Locale
3. Respondents of the Study
4. Research Instrument
5. Statistical Research Instrument
Research Design
The research design refers to the overall strategy that you

choose to integrate the different components of the study in a
coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will
effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the
blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of
data. Note that the research problem determines the type of
design you should use, not the other way around.
Research Design (sample)
The researcher will utilize the Quantitative-descriptive

research and purposive sampling technique with the used of
questionnaire as a tool in gathering the data from 35 BPAT
members and 30 Barangay Officials. The researcher will use
the following statistical tools: simple frequency, percentage,
weighted mean, chi-square and t-test.
According to Smith (2014), Quantitative –descriptive
methods emphasize objective measurements and
the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data
collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by
manipulating pre-existing statistical data
using computational techniques. Quantitative research
focuses on gathering numerical data and generalizing it
across groups of people or to explain a particular
phenomenon.
Research Locale
This discusses the place or setting of the study. It

briefly describes the place where the study is
conducted. Only important features which have the
bearing on the present study are emphasized.
Research Locale (sample)
This research will carried out within the Town of

Santa Cruz, specifically in the lowland barangays
namely, Alipit, Malinao, Oogong, San Jose, and
Bubukal which are bounded by farm land and other
some small to medium scale enterprises as the main
source of the community income.
Respondents of the Study or Population
Sampling
This describes the target population and the

sample frame. It specifies the sampling technique
used and how the sample size is determined.
Respondents of the Study (sample)
Population Sampling
The respondents of the study will be the 60 BPAT

members and 50 Barangay officials in the town of Santa
Cruz Laguna. This include Barangay Alipit, Malinao,
Oogong, San Jose and Bubukal, and will be using
purposive sampling technique.
Research Instrument
This explains the specific type of research

instrument used such as questionnaire, checklist,
questionnaire-checklists, structured interview,
teacher– made test, standardized instrument
which are adapted or borrowed with permission
from the author or from other sources.
Research Instrument (sample)
The instrument that will be used in this research is a

compilation of structured questionnaires. Based on the
analysis by Rhon Gavin Dantic (2013), entitled
"Perception of Philippine National Police personnel and
population in the Municipality of Aparri 's involvement
in crime prevention." Adapted a five-point scale to
quantify the respondents ' responses in each item and
as follows:
Five Point Likert Scale
No. Mean Range Verbal Interpretation
1 4.50-5.00 Very much effective
2 3.50-4.49 Effective
3 2.50-3.49 Moderately effective
4 1.50-2.49 Slightly effective
5 1.00-1.49 Not effective

Data Gathering Procedure (sample)
The researcher will seek permission through a written

letter to the five (5) Barangay Chairmen for the conduct of the
study and to administer the survey questionnaire in their
respective barangay. After obtaining permission, the
researcher will personally administered the survey
questionnaire to the target respondents. The researcher will
also personally retrieve the entire survey questionnaire and
the data will be tallied, presented in a tabular form, analyzed
and interpreted.
Statistical Treatment of Data
Explain how each statistical test is used in the treatment of
data. If the research instrument included options which are
scaled, explain how each scale is given the weight, its interval
and class limits.
Statistical Treatment of Data (sample)
To give more meaning and relevance on the data that will

gather, the researcher will used the following statistical tools:
a. Percent. This will be use to describe the relationship of a part
to its whole. b. Weighted Mean. Since the items in the
questionnaire will comprise of options with assigned points,
the weighted mean is selected as an appropriate measure of
central tendency. c. Chi-square. This statistical tool will be
utilize to test the hypothesis of the study on the significant
relationship between the independent and dependent
variables.
REFERENCES
FOR LITERATURE CITED:

1. Names should be all capitalized; surnames should be
indicated first before the first name initials;
2. Maintain the correct citation in the literature cited;
3. Do not use Italics, (except for the non-English terms)
underscoring and quotation marks in the entries;
4. Use double space between entries but single space within
entries.
SAMPLE FORMATTING
FOR JOURNAL ARTICLES:

Author/s. Year of Publication. Title of Work. Journal Volume (No.): pages.
WANG, C.Y., NG, C.C., SU, H., TZENG, W.S., and SHYU, Y.T. 2009. Probiotic
potential of noni juice fermented with lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria.
Journal of Microbiology, 60(6): 98-106.
FOR BOOKS IN PRINT:

Author/s. Year of Publication. Title of Work. City/State, Country: Publisher.
JAMES, H. (2009). The ambassadors. Rockville, USA: Serenity Publishers.

FOR BOOKS PUBLISHED ONLINE:
Author/s. Year of Publication. Title of Work [e-reader version].
Retrieved from [URL]
EGGERS, D. 2008. The circle [Kindle Version]. Retrieved from

http://www.amazon.com/
FOR BOOK CHAPTERS IN PRINT:

Author/s. Year of Publication. Title of chapter. In: Editor/s’ Surname,
Initials (Ed/s.), Title of book (pp. Pages). City/State, Country:Publisher.
HEMINGWAY, E. 1999. The killers. In: UPDIKE, J. and KENISON, K.

(Eds.), The best American short stories of the century (pp. 78-80).
Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin.
FOR BOOK CHAPTERS PUBLISHED ONLINE:
Author/s. Year of Publication. Title of chapter. In: Editor/s’ Surname, Initials
(Ed/s.), Title of book [e-reader version (pp. Pages)]. Retrieved from [URL]
BELLOW, S. 1999. A silver dish. In: UPDIKE, J. and KENISON, K. (Eds.),

The best American short stories of the century [PDF Version]. Retrieved from
http://books.google.com
FOR ONLINE WEBSITE/NEWS ARTICLES:

Author/s. Complete Date Published. Article title. Name of Website. Retrieved
from [URL]
CAIN, K. 2012, June 29. The Negative effects of Facebook on communication.

Social Media Today RSS. Retrieved from http://socialmediatoday.com

Review of Literature

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Review of Literature

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Review of Literature

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

REVIEW OF

It is an extensive survey of all available past studies relevant

Composed of discussion of facts and principles to which the

Includes research findings, published or unpublished

Books and Journals

The Impact of Age on Firm Performance: Available from: https://

Employee Longevity and Organizational Change: A Review. Available from:

MASTER IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

The research design refers to the overall strategy that you

The researcher will utilize the Quantitative-descriptive

This discusses the place or setting of the study. It

This research will carried out within the Town of

This describes the target population and the

The respondents of the study will be the 60 BPAT

This explains the specific type of research

The instrument that will be used in this research is a

1 4.50-5.00 Very much effective

3 2.50-3.49 Moderately effective

4 1.50-2.49 Slightly effective

5 1.00-1.49 Not effective

The researcher will seek permission through a written

To give more meaning and relevance on the data that will

FOR LITERATURE CITED:

FOR JOURNAL ARTICLES:

FOR BOOKS IN PRINT:

JAMES, H. (2009). The ambassadors. Rockville, USA: Serenity Publishers.

EGGERS, D. 2008. The circle [Kindle Version]. Retrieved from

FOR BOOK CHAPTERS IN PRINT:

HEMINGWAY, E. 1999. The killers. In: UPDIKE, J. and KENISON, K.

BELLOW, S. 1999. A silver dish. In: UPDIKE, J. and KENISON, K. (Eds.),

FOR ONLINE WEBSITE/NEWS ARTICLES:

CAIN, K. 2012, June 29. The Negative effects of Facebook on communication.

You might also like