CHAPTER

CHAPTER 12
12
Phylum
Phylum Porifera
Porifera
-Sponges-
-Sponges-

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A Caribbean
demosponge

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Phylum Porifera

 Characteristics of Sponges:
 Multicellular
 Heterotrophic

 No cell Walls

 Few specialized cells (choanocytes)

 No germ layers (no gastrulation- no gut)

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Phylum Porifera

General Features
 Sessile (immobile) sponges are filter feeders
 Porifera means “pore-bearing”
 Sac-like bodies with many pores
 Use flagellated “collar cells”, or
choanocytes, to move water to help
filter/feed
 Body is efficient aquatic filter
 Approximately 15,000 species of sponges
 Most are marine
 Few live in brackish water, 150 in fresh water
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Phylum Porifera

Porifera do not have a circulatory, respiratory, excretory system.

Porifera Cell Types: (VOCAB)

•Choanocytes (also known as "collar cells") - sponge's digestive system.
Are used to filter particles out of the water. The beating of the choanocytes’
flagella creates the sponge’s water current.
Archaeocytes: They have a role in nutrient transport and sexual
reproduction, they can transform into: :
Sclerocytes secrete spicules
Spongocytes secrete spongin; fibers which make up the mesohyl.
Collencytes secrete collagen.
Spicules are stiffened rods or spikes made of calcium carbonate or silica
which are used for structure and defense.
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Sessile Sponges - do not move

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Collar of microvilli surrounding a flagellum.

Flagellum beats drawing water containing food
through the collar.

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Phylum Porifera

 Marine sponges found in all seas at all

depths and vary greatly in size
 Many species are brightly colored because of
pigments in cells
 Embryos are free-swimming, adult sponges
always attached
 Irregular shaped - Asymmetrical

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Phylum Porifera

 Skeletal structure of a sponge can be fibrous

and rigid
 Rigid skeleton consists of spicules

 Fibrous portion consists of spongin

 Sponge Classification is based on the

composition and shape the spicules

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Skeletal Structures of Sponges

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Phylum Porifera

 Fossil record of sponges dates back to the

early Cambrian (540 mya)
 Living sponges traditionally assigned to 3
classes: Calcarea, Hexactinellida, and
Demospongiae

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Phylum Porifera

Form and Function

 Body openings consist of small incurrent pores or dermal
ostia (In), and the osculum (Out)
 Incurrent pores: Average diameter of 50 m surrounded
by porocytes to regulate amount of water to pass thru.
 Inside the body
 Water is directed past the choanocytes where food
particles are collected
 Choanocytes (flagellated collar cells) line some of
the canals
 Keep the current flowing by beating of flagella
 Trap and phagocytize food particles passing by

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Phylum Porifera

 Types of Sponge Canal Systems

 Asconoids: Flagellated Spongocoels
 Simplest body form
 Small and tube-shaped

 Water enters into a large cavity, the

spongocoel
 Lined with choanocytes
 Choanocyte flagella pull water through

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3 Sponge
Structures

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Calcarea Sponge

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Phylum Porifera
 Syconoids: Flagellated Canals
 Resemble asconoids but larger with a thicker
body wall
 Wall contains choanocyte-lined radial canals
that empty into spongocoel
 Water enters radial canals through tiny
openings
 Spongocoel is lined with epithelial cells rather
than choanocytes
 Food is digested by choanocytes - in radial
canals

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Cross Section
of Sycon

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Phylum Porifera
 Leuconoids: Flagellated Chambers
 Most complex and are larger with many
oscula
 Clusters of flagellated chambers are filled
from incurrent canals, and exit to excurrent
canals
 Most sponges are leuconoid
 System increases flagellated surfaces
compared to volume
 More collar cells can meet food demands
 Large sponges filter 1500 liters of water per day

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Orange Desmosponge - leuconoid canal system

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Phylum Porifera
 Types of Porifera Cells

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Food Trapping by Sponge Cells

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Phylum Porifera

 Cell Independence: Regeneration

Sponges have a great ability to
regenerate lost parts and repair injuries
 Regeneration following fragmentation is
one means of asexual reproduction

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Phylum Porifera

 Asexual reproduction can occur by bud

formation
 External buds
 Small individuals that break off after
attaining a certain size
 Internal buds or gemmules
 Formed by archaeocytes that collect in
mesohyl
 Coated with tough spongin and spicules
 Survive harsh environmental conditions

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Gemmule- Internal Bud

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Phylum Porifera

 Sexual Reproduction
 Most are monoecious (have both sexes)
 Sperm and eggs sometimes arise from
choanocytes or archaeocytes

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Phylum Porifera

 In some, one sponge releases sperm

which enter the pores of another sponge
 Sponges provide nourishment to zygote
until it is released as a ciliated larva
 The free-swimming larva of sponges is a
solid parenchymula

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A. Development of Demosponge
B. Development of Calcareous syconoid sponge

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Phylum Porifera

 Classification
 Class Calcarea
 Class Hexactinellida

 Class Demospongiae

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Phylum Porifera

Class Calcarea
 BONY Sponges
 spicules are made of calcium carbonate
 Spicules are straight or have three or four
rays
 Most are small with tubular or vase shapes
 Many are drab in color, but some are bright
yellow, green, red, or lavender

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Hexactinellid
a
Calcarea

Demospongiae

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Phylum Porifera
Class Hexactinellida
 Glass sponges with six-rayed spicules of silica
to form their skeleton
 Strong Internal skeleton with fused spicules
 Nearly all are deep-sea forms

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Hexactinellid
a
Calcarea

Demospongiae
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Phylum Porifera
Class Demospongiae
 Contains 95% of living sponge species
 Spicules or skeletal system contains
spongin
 All marine except for one freshwater
sponges
 Marine Demosponges
 Highly varied in color and shape
 Bath sponges
 Lacks siliceous spicules
 Have spongin skeletons

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Sponges in Class Demospongiae

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Phylum Porifera

 Uses:
 Dolphins attach sponge to nose, then search for
food in sand. Serves as a protection.
 Humans - commercial sponges, washing
 Medicinal purposes?? Antimicrobial compounds
found on sponges

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