cartography

Aerial Photogrammetry Type of photogrammetry used when single photographs are taken from an aircraft
Aerial Photography Art, science or process of taking aerial photographs

Aerial Photographs
Type of photographs taken by a precision camera mounted in an airplane, balloon, or spacecraft flying over the area

Aberration A defect in an optical image caused by the effect of the fact that essentially no lens system can form a perfect image

Azimuthal Projection The projection of a part of the globe upon a plane from a given eye point
Angle of current the difference in angle direction between two currents of any bodies of water

Atlas a book of maps

Base Maps A map or chart showing certain fundamentals in formation used as a base upon which additional data of specialized are compiled

Bathymetry Relating to the measurements of oceans or other water depths

  the determination of ocean depths; the configuration of a seafloor as determined by profile analysis of depth data

Bank the ground bordering a lake, river or sea of forming the edge of a cut or a narrow

Bar a ridge or succession of ridges of sand or other substance extending across the mouth of a river or harbor and which may obstruct navigation

Basin sheltered body of water available for port operations connecting either with the sea or with an outer port

Bony a floating object moosed to the bottom in a particular place, as an aide to navigation or for other specified purposes

Composite aerial photograph Two or more aerial photographs taken at the same time by a multi lens camera

Camera obscura A dark box or room which has a small hole in the center of one wall to admit light from the outside
 Cartogram A highly abstracted on map in which actual outlines or locations are distorted to express geographic concept

Cartography the art and science of making maps and charts, globes and relief models

Chart map used for navigation in air or in water, and it is a large special purpose map or diagram

Conformal Map Projection a projection in which the shape of any small area remains unchanged

a group of projections which are divided from the concept of projecting the parallels and meridians of a globe upon a tangent or a secant, cone and
Conic Projection
developing the cone

Contour an imaginary line on the ground, all points of which are at the same elevation above a specified datum surface

Cylindrical projection a group of projections with horizontal parallels and evenly set vertical meridians

Contour intervals the vertical distance between contours

traces which result from passing parallel, equally spaced, horizontal surfaces through the three–dimensional land surface and projecting these traces
Contours orthogonally to the map surface

Cable length a unit of distance originally equal to the length of a ship anchor cables, but now generally considered being about 500 ft.

a zone adjacent to a continent for ground or island extending from the low water line to the depth at which there is usually a marked increase of slope to
Continental shelf
greater depth

Current meter an instrument used for the direct measurement of velocity in streams
Descriptive Photogrammetry Determining the nature of objects imagined in photographs
Developing solution A chemical solution used to bring out the latent image at a negative or print
Diapositive A photographic positive print or glass or film
Discharge a volume of water flowing past a section of a stream
Deep an absolute term which was generally restricted to depths greater than 600 m.
 Diurnal inequality the difference between the heights of two high tides or two low tides during a tidal day

Emulsion A suspension of light-sensitive silver salts in a colloidal medium which is used for creating photographic films, plates, or papers

Endlap The overlap between aerial photograph in the same flight

Equal Area Projection a group of projections upon which any area, large or small, is the same on the globe corresponding scale

Ebb current the current of flow of tide back toward the sea
Echo sounder  
Electronic Position Indicator  
Focal Length Distance measured along the lens axis from the center of the lens to the focal plane
Focal Plane The plane at the back of the camera where the image is brought into focus

Index marks, usually four in number, rigidly connected with the camera lens through the camera body and forming images on the negative without
Fiducial marks
usually defining the principal point of the photograph

Fixing solution A chemical solution used to stop the action of the developer (dissolved out the used grains harden the emulsion)

Flight Planning The preparation of detailed instructions for the flight crew regarding the location of the photograph

Fiducial Marks marks on sides of aerial photographs which are used to find the principal points
Fathometer An echo sounding instrument used for measuring depth of water
  a measuring device which automatically records sounding taken on a moving vessel
Fault a fracture in the earth's crust along which is slipping or shearing occurred
Floor the bottom of passageway for a seam or bed
Foot wall the wall or rock under a vein or under steeply inclined mineral formation
 Fathom a unit used for the measurement of water depths and is equal to 6 feet
Flood current the horizontal movement of water associated with the rising tide
Fix the position on a map of a point of observation obtained by surveying
Geostenography a method of rapid notations of geographic data in a notebook or on maps
Globe gore a lune-shaped map to be filled to a groups

Grid a network of two sets of regularly spaced straight lines intersecting usually at right angles

Guide copy a map which is sufficiently complete to be given to the engraver or scriber for the printing plate

Gelatin an organic colloids which swells in cold waters and dissolves in hot water used in photographic emulsion

Globe a small sphere representing the earth

Gnomonic chart a chart on gnomonic projection or the great circle chart
Graticule (or grid) network of lines of latitude and longitude used on map or globe
Gaging section the cross section where the gage is located
Gangway a main haulage road underground
Hanging Wall the wall or rock on other side of the steeply inclined deposits

Heading any preliminary passageway driven to explore the mine or to facilitate future operations

Heave the distance between two parts or the same vein which is divided by a fault, measured along the stake of the fault

High oblique aerial photograph One that has a relatively high angle of deviation from the vertical (greater than 45 degrees)

High water the highest level reached at a place by the water surface in one direction
Hydrologic readius approximately equal to the mean depth
 Short linear symbols positioned in the direction of greatest slope. Systematized in 1799 by Austrian Johann George Lehmann, these used to represent terrain and
Hachure’s
provide an illusion of viewing an illustrated three–dimensional surface
Hachuring a method of relief representation on maps by short lines parallel to the dip of the slope
Hypsography parts of a map showing relief

Hypsometric map a map showing land or submarine bottom relief in terms of height above or below a datum

Hydrographic map similar to topographic maps but has its own particular symbols
Isopleths lines drawn on maps connecting points of equal value

Low oblique aerial photograph One that has a relatively small or low angle of deviation from the vertical (less than 45 degrees)

Lens Distortion Any shift in the position of an image on a photograph which alters the perspective characteristics of the photograph

a family of electronic navigation system by which hyperbolic lines of position are determined by measuring the difference in time of reception of synchronized
LORAN
pulse signals

Levels horizontal passageway run at different levels along the deposits or adjacent to it for working the mine

Lode a relatively thin deposit between boundaries

Ledge a flat projecting part, a shelf

Lead line a line, length of sash or hemp word or nylon cord, with a sounding lead attached to one end

Log an instrument for measuring the speed or distance travelled by a vessel

Low water the lowest level reached at a place by the water surface in one oscillation; also called a low tide

Lunar day  
Lunar month  
Latitude the distance north or south from the equator measured in degrees
 Lithography the process of printing from plane surface on which the image to be printed is ink–receptive while the blank area is ink–repellant

Longitude distance east of west of the prime meridian expressed in degrees

Lumitidal interval the interval of time between the transit of the moon over the local or Greenwich meridian and the next high water or low water at a place

Land utilization map indicates various types of cultivation

Legend explanation of symbols on a map

Lithography printing from the surface of limestone in which the features are drawn with greasy ink or crayon

Longitude an arc distance from a prime meridian measured in degrees

Latitude an arc distance from the equator measured in degrees
Loxodrome line on a map which crosses the successive meridians at constant angle

Map a selective symbolized and generalized picture on a much reduced scale of some spatial distribution of large area, usually the earth surface

Mean Ground Elevation The average elevation of the terrain above the given datum

Obtaining dimensional measure from photograph and using these maps to determine spatial dimensions of objects such as size, shape, volume, location, direction,
Metrical Photogrammetry
length, etc.

Monocular Photogrammetry Type of photogrammetry used when single photographs are taken at a time
Map A small, flat surface representation of a portion or the whole earth surface
Manhole a small passage one level into a next level done above or below or into slopes
Mill hole a passage between a stope conveyed and a level through which the ore conveyed
Measuring section  

Map scale the proportion or ratio between map dimensions and those of reality
 Meridian a circle on the earth’s surface–passing through the geographical poles and any given point

Neap tide  
Neatline the inner border of a map

Orthophotograph A photograph copy, prepared from a perspective photograph in which the displacements of images due to dip and tilt and relief have been removed

Optics The field or science which treats of lights, its sources, its propagation and the effects, which it suffers and produces

Overlap The amount by which one photograph covers the same area as covered by another, customarily expressed in percentage

Orthographic Projection A projection made by a line perpendicular to a plane

Ore shoot a rich aggregation of ore within a vein
Outcrop the portion of the vein which is exposed on the surface of the ground
Ore mineral or rock containing enough of metals to make mining more profitable

Old growth dipterocarf forest tropical rain forest dominated by Dipterocarpaceae without traces of commercial logging

perspective center the point of origin or termination of the respective rays

Photograph A picture or image produced on a sanitized material by the action of line
Principal Point The foot of the perpendicular from the perspective center of photograph

Pseudoscopic Effect One in which normal impression of relief is reversed due to an improper relation of one photograph to another

Obtaining information from photographs; obtaining reliable measurement by means of photograph in order to obtain preliminary geometric
Photogrammetry
characteristics by means of photograph

Projection The transferring of a point from one surface to their corresponding points on another surface by graphical or analytic method
 Passageway a way along which one can pass

Pillar natural rock, or ore supports, left in stopes to avoid or to decrease the roof subsidence as mining progresses

Placer an alluvial locustrine, murine, suline, or glacial deposits containing particles or other valuable minerals

Prop a piece of timber which prevents any rock in the roof from falling, sometimes called a post

Piedometer an instrument used for measuring pressure

Plateau an extent of elevated land

also called the Philippine Plane Coordinate System, it has been adopted as the official coordinate system for surveying and mapping in the Philippines
Philippine Transverse Mercator
since 1961. With its X–axis on the equator and Y–axis on a full degree of longitude, it is similar to the UTM grid system

Portolan charts sets of sailing instructions created on parchment at around 1250 by a community of Italian draftsmen

Planimetric map maps showing conventional symbols of the cultural and drainage features of land in their proper relationship in orthographic projections

Race swiftly flowing water in a narrow channel or river

Radar a method, system or technique of using beamed time radio waves for detecting, locating or tracking objects

In-Range two or more objects in line

Reef a ridge of rock and sand at a near surface of water
Registering scheme a ground wheel in pulley with length indicator
Run-off the overflow of a fluid from a container

The process of projecting a photograph from its plane onto another plane by translation, rotation or scale so as to remove displacement due to dip and
Rectification
tilt

Relief map map containing lines which show the differences in height of various land forms
 Rutter a nautical manual
Rhumbline a line which crosses the successive meridians at constant angle
Representative fraction map scale giving the ratio between any small distance on the ground as 1 : 62,500 corresponding distance on the ground
Sextant a double reflecting instrument for measuring angles primarily altitudes of celestial bodies
an offshore hazard to navigation on which there is depth of 10 fathoms or 20 meters or less, composed of unconsolidated
Shoal
material except corals or rocks
an electronic navigation system consisting of an interrogator responder at the mobile station and transponders at known fixed
Shoran
stations
Stereopair two overlapping vertical photos, which are viewed stereoscopically or with an eye simultaneously, focused on each photo
an instrument for plotting a map or obtaining spatial solutions by observation of stereoscopic models formed by stereopairs of
Stereoplotter
photographs
Scale the relationship between a distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground
Scale The ratio of a distance ona photograph or map to its corresponding distance on the ground
Transverse projection map projections turned at right angles to their usual orientation
the best known grid or plane coordinate system of international scope based on the Transverse Mercator projection. It extends
Universal Transverse Mercator
around the world from 80° North to 80° South, with 60 north–south zones used
Vanishing Point the point in perspective where parallel lines meet

when referring to a device, a navigational instrument similar to a sextant but with an arc of 90(. This is a double–reflecting
Quadrant device used for angle measurement.
Race swiftly flowing water in a narrow channel or iver
Radar a method, system or technique of using beamed time radio waves for detecting, locating or tracking objects
 acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging. Invented sometime before World War II, this refers to a method or technique which uses beamed, reflected and timed radio waves to detect, track, or locate
Radar objects. These radio signals are reflected from an object along their path and the return signals create an image on a screen, showing the direction and distance of an object from the vessel

Radar direction finder a device consisting of a radio receiver and a directional antenna, used to determine the direction of radio transmitting stations.
Raise a passage driven steeply upward from any portion of the mine

Range in navigation, a predetermined line along which a ship moves while certain data are recorded.

Range finder an optical device which measures the distance of a vessel to an object

Range lights two lights placed some distance apart that can be seen in only one direction.

Rectification The process of projecting a photograph from its plane onto another plane by translation, rotation or scale so as to remove displacement due to dip and tilt

Red used to emphasize important roads, built up areas and public land subdivision lines.

Reef a ridge of rock and sand at a near surface of water

Register mark
Pinpoint or crosses, or four sides of the map by which color separation drawings are adjusted to each other
Registering scheme a ground wheel in pulley with length indicator
Relative Relief
Height of hills and mountains over the adjacent valleys, basins or plains

Relief Displacement

The condition in which the image of a ground point on a photograph is moved from the usual position it would have if the point were on the datum. This movement or shift in position is due to the elevation of the
ground point with respect to the datum

Relief map map containing lines which show the differences in height of various land forms

Relief model a representation of the terrain done in three dimensions to suitable horizontal and vertical scales to provide a striking and realistic expression of topography.

Representative fraction map scale giving the ratio between any small distance on the ground as 1 : 62,500 corresponding distance on the ground

Rhumbline or loxodrome a line which crosses the successive meridians at constant angle
 Rib wall in an entry, also simply wall

Right of symbols The placing of names such as cities or buildings on small scale map

Rolling Rules invented in 1771, this instrument consists of a ruler attached to the axis of a cylinder in such a way that the working edge remains parallel to the axis as the cylinder is rolled across a chart. It is used in navigation for the same purpose as parallel rulers.

Roof the top of passageway or of a seam or bed

Room a place other than a passageway from which material has been extracted; the term usually refers to bed deposits

Run-off
the overflow of a fluid from a container

Rutter a nautical manual

Scale the relationship between a distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground

Scale The ratio of a distance ona photograph or map to its corresponding distance on the ground

Scribing Engraving lines, symbols, and windows in a scribe coating, usually for the preparation of a negative for map reproduction

Seam a bed of mineral or a small vein

Series maps A set of maps which are sections of a larger area, such as topographic sheets

Sextant a double–reflecting instrument for measuring altitude or the angular distance of a celestial body above the horizon. It has an arc of 60( and a range of 120(.

Sextant
a double reflecting instrument for measuring angles primarily altitudes of celestial bodies
Shades
Relative darkness of gray tones
Shadient relief
Plastic shading combined with gradient (altitude) tints

Shaft a verical or inclined excavation in mine extending downward from the surface or from the same interior point as a principal opening through

Shoal
an offshore hazard to navigation on which there is depth of 10 fathoms or 20 meters or less, composed of unconsolidated material except corals or rocks

Shoran

an electronic navigation system consisting of an interrogator responser at the mobile station and transponders at known fixed stations

Short Focal Length

The focal length of the camera is less than 305 mm or 12 inches

Shutter
Part of a camera, which controls the length of time, that light is permitted to pass through the lens
Sidelap The overlap between aerial photography in adjacent
 Single–Lens Camera
The simplest type of aerial camera, which is commonly used in obtaining, photographs for mapping purposes
Skyhook to reinforce by inserting bolts vertically to secure rock above

Slope the rate of rise or fall of the ground surface

Sounding
the process of measuring the depths of bodies of water at a particular point

Sounding pole
a graduated and rounded piece of rod, about 3 meters long, used for taking soundings

Sounding Vessel a ship or craft containing an instrument for measuring depth of water

Spheroid A mathematical figure closely approaching the geoid in form and size used as surface reference for geodetic surveys and mapping

Spline A devise used as tools in projecting or plotting different curves

Spot height A point whose elevation is noted on a map

Spread between end distance of respective area The spreading of letters on the map such as countries, mountains, regions, seas, etc. will depend on the skill of the cartographer

Squeeze A T-shaped tool to squeeze out superfluous ink or any other liquid from a surface

Statistical map Map showing the distribution of rainfall, acreage of wheat, religions of people

Statistical map Map usually represented by means of dots, isopleths or isorithins, chloropleth and dasymetric system

Stereopair two overlapping vertical photos, which are viewed stereoscopically or with an eye simultaneously, focused on each photo

Stereophotogrammetry Type of photogrammetry as observed and measured, or interpreted in a streoscopic viewing development, which gives a 3-dimensional view and creates the illusion of a relief model of the terrain

Stereoplotter an instrument for plotting a map or obtaining spatial solutions by observation of stereoscopic models formed by stereopairs of photographs

Stereoplotting a method which permits drawing contour lines and other detail by using two overlapping air photos under a stereoscopic instrument

Stereoscopy Art or science which deals with the use of binocular vision for observation of a pair of overlapping photographs

Stereoscopic vision A method by which permits drawing contour lines and other detail by using two overlapping air photos under a stereoscopic instrument

Stereovision the mental process which uses the images of the two eyes into a 3-dimensional impression
 Stopes room formed by excavation of ore above or below a level sometimes filled with broken ore or rock

Stratum layer or bed of sedimentary rocks

Strike the direction (bearing) of a horizontal line in the plane of a deposit; always at right angles to dip

Strip Camera A type of aerial camera which is used to obtain a continuous photograph of a strip of terrain beneath the flight line of the aircraft.

Stull a piece of timber wedged in crosswise between the siedewalls of a passageway

Sunflower Machine a kind of instrument used in amine survey by means of a sun's mirror or sunrays

Super Wide Angle Lenses Camera lenses which has an angular field of view more than 100(

Symbols Design on maps used to represent various features

Terrestrial Photogrammetry Type of photogrammetry used when the photographs are taken from points on the ground surface

Terrestrial Photographs Type of photographs taken with ground–based cameras from known positions or stations with the camera axis horizontal or nearly so.

Theatrum Orbis Terrarum a world atlas published in Antwerp in 1570 by Abraham Ortelius

Thematic map a type of map which deals with a specific theme or subject usually against some skeletal topographic background.

Thematic map Map that shows the base map plus economic information

invented in 1801 by Captain Joseph Huddart, this instrument is used for plotting two angles taken simultaneously. It consists of a circle graduated in degrees, upon which a fixed arm and two movable arms are attached. The latter can be pivoted and set at
Three-arm Protractor
any angle relative to the fixed arm.

Three-color process A method of color reproduction using filters and halftone screens

Throw the vertical distance between the planes representing two parts of the same vein which is divided by a fault; the term is uded only in regard to deposit which is nearly horizontal

Tick Short lines perpendicular to the neatline marking grid systems

Tidal bore

Tidal gauge
an instrument for measuring the height of tides

Tide

the half daily cycle of rhythm of rise and fall of the surface of the oceans and seas, and other bodies connected with them, due to gravitational attraction of the sun and moon acting upon the rotating earth

Tilt The angular value by which the wings of the airplane deviate from the horizontal line perpendicular to the direction of flight
 Tints Color gradiations on maps, like altitude tints, also patterns applied to a map, such as cellotints or Ben-day tints

Tip (dip?) The angular value by which the nose of the airplane points above or below the horizontal line of sight

Tone The relative darkness of grays on air photos

Topo cartography Involves surveying large scale topographic map

Topographic map A general map of large or small scale showing all important features, including relief

Topography the configuration or shape and roughness of the ground

Trachographic relief drawing A method of using small, curve hill-shaped lines to indicate relief on small maps. The height of the curves indicates relative relief; the width, the average slope

Transverse projection map projections turned at right angles to their usual orientation

Trimetrogon Photographs A type of photographs which has a photographic unit which consists of three wide angles single–lens cameras

Tunnel a horizontal working passageway open at both ends

Universal Transverse Mercator the best known grid or plane coordinate system of international scope based on the Transverse Mercator projection. It extends around the world from 80° North to 80° South, with 60 north–south zones used
Vanishing Point the point in perspective where parallel lines meet
Vein a mineral body of flattened shap (also lode, ledge, etc.)

Venture meter
a short tube with a constructed throat that is used to determine fluid pressures and velocities
Vertical aerial photograph One taken with the optical axis of the lens pointing vertically as a time of exposures

Vertical exaggeration The apparent enlargement in the vertical component of the stereomodes

Viewfinder A part of camera which enables the photographer to have a continuous view of the terrain below the aircraft and to see the ground coverage of each photograph.

Vinylite A synthetic resin of great dimensional stability, used in drawing maps

Wall the rock on each side of the mineral body, the upper wall is called haning wall and the lower wall is called footwall

Wide Angle Lens Camera lenses which has an angular field of view ranging from 75( to 100( are classified as:
Winze a subsidiary shaft not starting from the surface
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