Computer Organization and Assembly Language: Evolution of Computers Intel Family Architecture

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COMPUTER

ORGANIZATION AND
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

Lecture 3
Evolution of Computers
Intel Family Architecture
Course Instructor: Darwin Vargas
What are microprocessors?
 A microprocessor is a processor (or Central Processing Unit, CPU)
fabricated on a single integrated circuit.

Address bus MAR


PC

IR

Control
Control bus
unit

Y
Data bus ALU ACC

A simple microprocessor architecture


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Evolution of Computers

 First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube

 Second generation (1954-1959) - transistor

 Third generation (1959-1971) - IC

 Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor

Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html

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Evolution of Computers

 First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube

IBM 650, 1954

Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html
http://www.cs.virginia.edu/brochure/museum.html
http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/650.html
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Evolution of Computers

 Second generation (1954-1959) - transistor

Manchester University Experimental Transistor Computer

Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html
http://www.computer50.org/kgill/transistor/trans.html
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Evolution of Computers

 Third generation (1959-1971) - IC

PDP-8, Digital Equipment Corporation

¾ Thanks to the use of ICs, the DEC PDP-8


is the least expensive general purpose small
computer in 1960s

Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html
http://www.piercefuller.com/collect/pdp8.html
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Evolution of Computers

 Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor


¾ In 1971, Intel developed 4-bit 4004 chip for calculator
applications.

ROM/RAM buffer Timing Reset

Control logic
Instruction Program
decoder counter

ALU Reg.

I/O
Refresh
logic

System bus
http://www.intel.com

Block diagram of Intel 4004 4004 chip layout

A good review article: The History of The Microprocessor, Bell Labs Technical Journal,
Autumn, 1997
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Evolution of Intel Microprocessors
Number of transistors Minimum transistor sizes (µm)
P III 8080
Pentium P4
80386 P II
8088 80486
80286
8088
8080
80386
Pentium
80286 P II P III P 4
80486

Clock frequencies (MHz) MIPS


P4
P III
P4
P II Pentium
Pentium P III P II
80386 80386
80486
8088 80486 8088
8080 8080
80286 80286

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Other Commercial Microprocessors

 PowerPC (IBM, Motorola)


 Athlon, Dulon, Hammer (AMD)
 Crusoe (Transmeta)
 SPARC, UltraSPARC (Sun Microsystems)

 TI’s TMS DSP chips (Texas Instruments)

 StarCore (Motorola, Agere)

 ARM cores (Advanced RISC Machines)


 MIPS cores (MIPS Technologies)
 
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Applications of Microprocessors
 Computers
¾ System performance is normally the most important design concern

Other
Keyboard Monitor Disk

... ...
peripherals
Bus

Micro- Timing & Interrupt


Memory
processor control control

Block diagram of a computer

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Applications of Microprocessors
 Microcontrollers

¾ A microcontroller is a simple
computer implemented in a
RAM ROM
single VLSI chip. OSC.

¾ In general, microcontrollers
CPU
are cheap and have low I/O port
performance
Timer USART
¾ Microcontrollers are widely
used in industrial control, Interrupt A/D, D/A
automobile and home
applications
Block diagram of a microcontroller

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What is a microprocessor?
 Criteria
 number of chips
 data path
 address space
 CPU performance
 Price
 Types of micrprocessor
 Application
 Reprogrammable microprocessors
 embedded microprocessors and microcontrollers
 Instruction complexity
 CISC
 RISC
The 8086 Family
The 8086 Microprocessor (1978):
−20-bit address bus.
−16-bit internal data bus.
−16-bit external data bus.
−Separate bus interface unit (BIU) and execution unit
(EU).
−16-bit registers (with the ability to access the high or
low 8 bits separately).
−Built in hardware multiply and divide instructions.
−Support for an external floating-point math
coprocessor.
The 8086 Family
The 8088 Microprocessor (1979):
−20-bit address bus.
−16-bit internal data bus.
−8-bit external data bus.
−Separate bus interface unit (BIU) and execution unit
(EU).
−16-bit registers (with the ability to access the high or
low 8 bits separately).
−Built in hardware multiply and divide instructions.
−Support for an external floating-point math
coprocessor.
The 8086 Family

The 80186 & 80188 Microprocessors (1982):


−A personal computer (PC) based on the 8086/8088
microprocessors requires several additional chips such
as: a clock generator, a programmable timer, a programmable
interrupt controller, a direct memory access controller and a
circuitry to select the I/O devices.
−To simplify the design, Intel introduced the 80186 &
80188 microprocessors.
−The 80186/80188 integrates on a single chip an
8086/8088 microprocessor and all the chips mentioned
above.
−The 80186 & 80188 are often referred to as highintegration
processors
The 8086 Family
The 80286 Microprocessor (1982):
−24-bit address bus.
−16-bit internal data bus.
−16-bit external data bus.
−Designed to be software compatible with 8086 &
80186 microprocessors.
−Provides two programming modes:
Real Mode
Protected Mode
The 8086 Family
The 80286 Microprocessor (Real Mode):
−The processor function exactly like the 8086
processor.
−That is, any 8086 program can be run on a Real
Mode 80286 processor without any change.
−The 80286 processor uses only its 20 least
significant address lines.
−So, the memory space is limited to 1 MB
The 8086 Family
The 80286 Microprocessor (Protected Mode):
−In this mode, the processor supports a multiprogram
environment.
−It gives each program a predetermined amount of
memory.
−This uses the full memory space which is 16MB.
−This mode is called Protected Mode because several
programs can be loaded into memory at once (each in its
own segment), but are protected from each other
The 8086 Family
The 80386 Microprocessor (1984):
−32-bit address bus.
−32-bit internal data bus.
−32-bit external data bus.
−32-bit registers.
−Provides three modes:
 Real Mode (identical to that of 80286)

 Protected Mode (manages 4 GB of memory in a way

similar to that of the 80286).


 Virtual Mode (similar to Real Mode, except that multiple

8086 processors can run simultaneously


The 8086 Family
The 80486 Microprocessor (1989):
−32-bit address bus.
−32-bit internal and external data bus.
−32-bit registers.
−On-chip cache (stores the most recently used
instructions and data )
−Integrated Floating-Point Unit (FPU)
−Real & Protected Modes as in 80386
−Pipelined design
The 8086 Family
The Pentium Microprocessor (1993):
−32-bit address bus.
−32-bit internal
−64-bit external data bus.
−32-bit registers.
−Two instructions pipelines
−On-chip cache
−Integrated FPU

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