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    DAMAYO - DELA CRUZ - Elements of Human Acts

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    Abby Elaine Louisse Dela Cruz
    This document discusses the elements of human acts. It defines a human act as an act performed by a human being who is responsible and knows what they are doing and wills to do it. The three essential elements of a human act are knowledge, freedom, and actual choice. It explains each of these elements and how a human act comes from the will, either directly or indirectly. It also discusses two principles related to indirect voluntariness and the principle of twofold effect. The document concludes by explaining how human acts can be modified by things like ignorance, concupiscence, violence, and habit.

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    DAMAYO - DELA CRUZ - Elements of Human Acts

    Uploaded by

    Abby Elaine Louisse Dela Cruz
    37 views13 pages
    This document discusses the elements of human acts. It defines a human act as an act performed by a human being who is responsible and knows what they are doing and wills to do it. The three essential elements of a human act are knowledge, freedom, and actual choice. It explains each of these elements and how a human act comes from the will, either directly or indirectly. It also discusses two principles related to indirect voluntariness and the principle of twofold effect. The document concludes by explaining how human acts can be modified by things like ignorance, concupiscence, violence, and habit.

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    ETHICS

    Original Title

    DAMAYO_DELA CRUZ_Elements of Human Acts

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    This document discusses the elements of human acts. It defines a human act as an act performed by a human being who is responsible and knows what they are doing and wills to do it. The three essential elements of a human act are knowledge, freedom, and actual choice. It explains each of these elements and how a human act comes from the will, either directly or indirectly. It also discusses two principles related to indirect voluntariness and the principle of twofold effect. The document concludes by explaining how human acts can be modified by things like ignorance, concupiscence, violence, and habit.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    37 views13 pages

    DAMAYO - DELA CRUZ - Elements of Human Acts

    Uploaded by

    Abby Elaine Louisse Dela Cruz
    This document discusses the elements of human acts. It defines a human act as an act performed by a human being who is responsible and knows what they are doing and wills to do it. The three essential elements of a human act are knowledge, freedom, and actual choice. It explains each of these elements and how a human act comes from the will, either directly or indirectly. It also discusses two principles related to indirect voluntariness and the principle of twofold effect. The document concludes by explaining how human acts can be modified by things like ignorance, concupiscence, violence, and habit.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 13

    Elements

    of Human
    Acts
    IE 2 DAY - ETHICS
    WHAT IS HUMAN ACTS?

    The term human act has a fixed


    technical meaning. It means an act
    (thought, word, deed, desire, omission)
    performed by a human being when he is
    responsible; when he knows what he is
    doing and wills to do it.
    Elements of
    Human Acts • The essential elements
    of a human act are
    What are these? three:
    -KNOWLEDGE
    -FREEDOM
    -ACTUAL CHOICE
    • Knowledge
    A person is not responsible for an act done in ignorance,
    unless the ignorance is the person's own fault, and is
    therefore willed (vincible ignorance), in which case he has
    knowledge that he is in ignorance and ought to dispel it.
    Thus, in one way or another, knowledge is necessary for
    responsible human activity.
    2. Freedom
    A person is not responsible for an act
    over which he has no control unless
    he deliberately surrenders such
    control by running into conditions
    and circumstances which rob him of
    liberty. Thus, in one way or another,
    freedom is necessary for every
    human act.
    3. Actual Choice or
    Voluntariness
    A person is not responsible for an act
    which he does not will, unless he wills to
    give up his self-control (as a man does,
    for instance, in allowing himself to be
    hypnotized, or by deliberately becoming
    intoxicated). Thus, in one way or another,
    voluntariness or actual choice enters into
    every human act.
    Now, a
    A human act comes from the
    w i l l d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y.

    human
    This distinction of direct and
    indirect willing (or direct and
    indirect voluntariness) raises

    act is a
    a notable issue, and we have
    here two of the most
    important principles (that is,

    willed
    fundamental guiding truths)
    in all ethics.

    act.
    These are:

    (1) The Principle of Indirect Voluntariness: A person is responsible for the evil effect of a cause directly willed when three conditions are met:

    when he can readily foresee the ev il effect, at least in a general way;


    when he is free to refrain from doing what
    causes the evil effect; and
    when he is bound to refrain from doing what
    causes the evil effect.
    (2) The Principle of Twofold Effect: A person may lawfully perform an
    act that has two effects, one good and one evil, when the following
    conditions are met:

    when the act which has two effects is not in itself an evil act;

    when the evil effect does not come before the good effect so as to be a
    means to it;

    when there exists a reason, proportionately weighty, which calls for the
    good effect;

    when the agent B (that is, the doer or performer of the act) intends the
    good effect exclusively and merely permits the evil effect as a
    regrettable side-issue.
    Human acts are modified, that is,
    affected, and made less perfectly
    human, by anything that hampers
    or hinders any of the three
    essentials of human action:
    knowledge, freedom,
    voluntariness. Chief of the
    modifiers of human acts are these:
    (1) Ignorance. Ignorance (2) Concupiscence. By
    that may be overcome by concupiscence we mean any of
    due diligence is called the g human impulses or
    vincible ignorance or tendencies technically called
    culpable ignorance; the passions. These are love,
    ignorance that cannot be hatred, grief, desire, aversion,
    expelled by due diligence is hope, despair, courage, fear,
    called invincible ignorance anger.
    or inculpable ignorance.
    (3) Violence. Coaction or
    violence is an external (4) Habit. Habit is a
    force applied by a free readiness, born of
    cause (that is, by human repeated acts, for
    beings) to compel a doing a certain
    person to do something thing.
    contrary to his will.
    THANK
    YOU!
    DAMAYO, MERVIN J.
    DELA CRUZ,
    REGELLE
    MARGARETTE O.

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