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    Ethers: By: DR Saima Najm

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    Saima Najm
    The document discusses the nomenclature, preparation, and properties of ethers. There are two systems for naming ethers - the common system names them based on the groups bonded to oxygen, while IUPAC names the larger alkyl group as the parent and the smaller group as a prefix. Ethers can be prepared through Williamson's synthesis from alcohols, by reaction of alkyl halides with silver oxide, or by dehydration of alcohols. Ethers are colorless, highly flammable, and good solvents but are resistant to oxidation and reaction with acids except for cleavage by HI or HBr.

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    Ethers: By: DR Saima Najm

    Uploaded by

    Saima Najm
    61 views10 pages
    The document discusses the nomenclature, preparation, and properties of ethers. There are two systems for naming ethers - the common system names them based on the groups bonded to oxygen, while IUPAC names the larger alkyl group as the parent and the smaller group as a prefix. Ethers can be prepared through Williamson's synthesis from alcohols, by reaction of alkyl halides with silver oxide, or by dehydration of alcohols. Ethers are colorless, highly flammable, and good solvents but are resistant to oxidation and reaction with acids except for cleavage by HI or HBr.

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    ethers-org-chem

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    The document discusses the nomenclature, preparation, and properties of ethers. There are two systems for naming ethers - the common system names them based on the groups bonded to oxygen, while IUPAC names the larger alkyl group as the parent and the smaller group as a prefix. Ethers can be prepared through Williamson's synthesis from alcohols, by reaction of alkyl halides with silver oxide, or by dehydration of alcohols. Ethers are colorless, highly flammable, and good solvents but are resistant to oxidation and reaction with acids except for cleavage by HI or HBr.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    61 views10 pages

    Ethers: By: DR Saima Najm

    Uploaded by

    Saima Najm
    The document discusses the nomenclature, preparation, and properties of ethers. There are two systems for naming ethers - the common system names them based on the groups bonded to oxygen, while IUPAC names the larger alkyl group as the parent and the smaller group as a prefix. Ethers can be prepared through Williamson's synthesis from alcohols, by reaction of alkyl halides with silver oxide, or by dehydration of alcohols. Ethers are colorless, highly flammable, and good solvents but are resistant to oxidation and reaction with acids except for cleavage by HI or HBr.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    ETHERS

    By: Dr Saima Najm


    PhD Pharm. Chem.
    Assistant Professor
    L.C.P.S
    NOMENCLATURE COMMON SYSTEM OF
    NAMING
    ◦ In common system of naming ethers (simple and mixed),
    ethers are named by naming the two groups bonded to oxygen
    followed by the word ether.
    For example:
    ◦ CH3-O-CH3 Dimethyl ether
    ◦ C2H5-O-CH3 Ethyl methyl ether
    ◦ C2H5-O-C2H5 Diethyl ether
    ◦ C6H5-O-CH3 Phenyl methyl ether
    NOMENCLATURE IUPAC SYSTEM OF
    NAMING
    ◦ In IUPAC system, large alkyl group is take as parent
    molecule and given the last name (suffix) while the smaller
    alky group along with oxygen is used as a prefix and given
    the name ALKOXY
    (e.g methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy etc)
    ◦ CH3-O-CH3 Methoxy methane
    ◦ C2H5-O-CH3 Methoxy ethane
    ◦ C2H5-O-C2H5 Ethoxy ethane
    ◦ C6H5-O-CH3 Methoxy benzene
    PREPARATION OF ETHERS
    1. WILLIAMSON’S SYNTHESIS (CONVERSION OF
    ALCOHOLS INTO ETHERS)
    The reaction of primary alcohol with sodium gives an alkoxide

    2CH3CH2OH + 2Na 2CH3CH2O-Na+

    Alkoxide when treated with RCl forms ether

    CH3CH2O-Na+ + CH3CH2Cl CH3CH2-O-CH3CH2 + NaCl


    2. REACTION OF ALKYL HALIDE WITH DRY SILVER
    OXIDE
    When alkyl halides are heated with dry silver oxide, ethers are
    produced.

    2C2H5Br + Ag2O C2H5-O-C2H5 + 2AgBr


    3. DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS
    Ethers can be prepared by heating excess of alcohol with
    conc. H2SO4 at 140°C
    2CH3CH2OH CH3CH2-O-CH3CH2 + H2O

    When alcohols are of different types, then mixed ethers can be


    prepared.
    𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐.𝐻2𝑆𝑂4
    140 °𝐶

    CH3OH + CH3CH2OH CH3-O-CH3CH2 + CH3-O-CH3 +


    CH3CH2-O-CH3CH2 + H2O
    PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHERS
    1. Ethers are colorless, highly inflammable compounds of low
    boiling points
    2. Their chemical inactivity and their ability to dissolve fats, oil, gums
    and many more other organic compound make them very good
    solvent
    3. Ethers are soluble in conc. sulfuric acid. This property is used as a
    distinguishing test between ethers and saturated hydrocarbons.
    4. Lower ethers act as anesthetics
    5. Ethers are lighter than water
    CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHERS

    The ethereal O atom is a region of high electron density due to


    lone pairs
    Ether O atom are Lewis bases, like an alcohol –OH group, the
    –OR group is a poor leaving group and needs to be converted to a
    better leaving group before substitution can occur.
    Resistance to Oxidations: Ethers are resistant to attack by the
    usual chemical oxidizing agent. Reagents like NH3, Na, alkali and
    acids have no action on ethers
    REACTION OF ETHER WITH HI AND HBr
    The most important reaction of ether is cleavage by acids such
    as HI and HBr

    Reaction with HBr: The O atom of ether possess an unshared


    electron pair which accepts a proton from HBr to form
    Oxonium ion. No further reaction takes place.
    R2O + HBr  R2O+ -H + Br-

    Reaction with HI: The O atom of ether accepts a proton from


    HI to form oxonium ion, which reacts with I- to form R-OH and
    RI
    R2O + HI  R2O+-H + + I- R2O+-H + + I-  R-OH + RI

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