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    Population Ecology

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    Dog God
    This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including population size, density, dispersion, growth rate, and factors that affect population growth and density over time. It defines population as all individuals of a species in an area, and demography as the statistical study of populations. The three main features of populations are described as size, density, and dispersion. Population density is defined as the number of individuals per unit area or volume. Factors like immigration, emigration, and density-dependent/independent factors can impact population density over time. Dispersion patterns are also discussed, including uniform, random, and clumped distributions.

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    Population Ecology

    Uploaded by

    Dog God
    284 views18 pages
    This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including population size, density, dispersion, growth rate, and factors that affect population growth and density over time. It defines population as all individuals of a species in an area, and demography as the statistical study of populations. The three main features of populations are described as size, density, and dispersion. Population density is defined as the number of individuals per unit area or volume. Factors like immigration, emigration, and density-dependent/independent factors can impact population density over time. Dispersion patterns are also discussed, including uniform, random, and clumped distributions.

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    Population-Ecology

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    This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including population size, density, dispersion, growth rate, and factors that affect population growth and density over time. It defines population as all individuals of a species in an area, and demography as the statistical study of populations. The three main features of populations are described as size, density, and dispersion. Population density is defined as the number of individuals per unit area or volume. Factors like immigration, emigration, and density-dependent/independent factors can impact population density over time. Dispersion patterns are also discussed, including uniform, random, and clumped distributions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    284 views18 pages

    Population Ecology

    Uploaded by

    Dog God
    This document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including population size, density, dispersion, growth rate, and factors that affect population growth and density over time. It defines population as all individuals of a species in an area, and demography as the statistical study of populations. The three main features of populations are described as size, density, and dispersion. Population density is defined as the number of individuals per unit area or volume. Factors like immigration, emigration, and density-dependent/independent factors can impact population density over time. Dispersion patterns are also discussed, including uniform, random, and clumped distributions.

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    Population

    Ecology
    Population Dynamics
    • Population:
    • All the individuals of a species that
    live together in an area
    • Demography:
    • The statistical study of populations,
    allows predictions to be made about
    how a population will change
    Population Dynamics

    • Three Key Features of


    Populations
    •Size
    •Density
    •Dispersion
    Three Key Features of Populations

    Size: number of individuals in an area


    Three Key Features of Populations

    • Growth Rate:
    • Birth Rate (natality) - Death Rate
    (mortality)
    • How many individuals are born vs.
    how many die
    • Birth rate (b) − death rate (d) = rate of
    natural increase (r)
    Three Key Features of Populations

    Density: measurement of population


    per unit area or unit volume

    Pop. Density = # of individuals ÷ unit of


    space
    How Do You Affect Density?
    1. Immigration: movement of individuals into a
    population
    2. Emigration: movement of individuals out of a
    population
    3. Density-dependent factors: Biotic factors in the
    environment that have an increasing effect as
    population size increases (disease, competition,
    parasites)
    4. Density-independent factors: Abiotic factors in
    the environment that affect populations
    regardless of their density (temperature, weather)
    Factors That Affect Future Population Growth

    Natality Emigration

    - + +-
    Population

    Immigration

    Mortality
    Factors That Affect Future Population Growth

    Immigration

    +
    + -
    Natality Population Mortality

    -
    Emigration
    Three Key Features of Populations

    • Dispersion: describes the spacing


    of organisms relative to each
    other
    •Clumped
    •Uniform
    •Random
    Species distribution

    • Often, in addition to knowing the


    number and density of individuals in an
    area, ecologists will also want to know
    their distribution. Species dispersion
    patterns—or distribution patterns—
    refer to how the individuals in a
    population are distributed in space at a
    given time.
    Population Dispersion
    Population Dispersion
    How Are Populations Measured?

    • Population density = number of individuals


    in a given area or volume
    • Count all the individuals in a population
    • Estimate by sampling
    • Mark-Recapture Method
    • Uniform dispersion. In uniform dispersion,
    individuals of a population are spaced more
    or less evenly. One example of uniform
    dispersion comes from plants that secrete
    toxins to inhibit growth of nearby individuals
    —a phenomenon called allelopathy. We can
    also find uniform dispersion in animal species
    where individuals stake out and defend
    territories.
    • Random dispersion. 
    In random dispersion, individuals are distributed
    randomly, without a predictable pattern. An
    example of random dispersion comes from
    dandelions and other plants that have wind-
    dispersed seeds. The seeds spread widely and
    sprout where they happen to fall, as long as
    the environment is favorable—has enough
    soil, water, nutrients, and light.
    Clumped dispersion. 
    In a clumped dispersion, individuals are
    clustered in groups. A clumped dispersion
    may be seen in plants that drop their
    seeds straight to the ground—such as oak
    trees—or animals that live in groups—
    schools of fish or herds of elephants.

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