Chapter 3 4.

Motivating researchers and engineers to create social

Science and Technology and Nation Building and technical innovations.
Role of Science and Technology in Nation Building
 Have an Economic Advances Major Development in S&T in the Philippines
 To Improve Health Systems USAID- United State Agency for International
 To Improve Education Development
 To Improve Infrastructure - an independent agency of the US federal
government that is primarily responsible for
Contribution of Science and Technology in Society and
administering civilian foreign aid and
Environment
development assistance.
-with the New Technology the Nation will
- Strategically included (STI) Science, Technology &
 Boost food production
Innovation in its programming to help Philippines
 Improve infrastructure
leapfrog its growth.
 Improve Healthcare facilities and services
- An agreement signed by the former Secretary of
 Provide sanitation facilities
U.S (Hillary Clinton) & former DFA secretary
Government Policies Pertaining to Science and Albert del Rosario.
Technology
 DOST- Dept. of Science & Technology- Major Personalities in S&T in the Philippines
- Executive dept. of the Philippine List of Filipino Scientist who are “changing the world”
Government. 1. Reina Reyes- “Pinoy Scientist”- a blog features mostly
- Responsible for the coordination of science young Filipino scientists across different fields and from
and technology-related projects in the Phil. across the world.
- Formulate policies and projects in the field 2. Irene Crisologo- radar meteorologist based in
of S&T in support of national development. Postdam, Germany working on open source methods for
 Philippine, basic strategy processing weather radar data.
- “National Science and Technology Plan 3. Julius Sempio- specialist in geoinformatics and remote
2002-2020” sensing.
- w/ vision related to S&T presented for - helps develop an effective archive and database
three-points in time for 2004,2010 & 2020. for images coming from Diwata 1 (PHLMicrosat-1) and
 Strategic areas base on the visions are classified Diwata 2- microsatellite launched into Space Station.
into 9 categories. These are used in mapping. Monitoring the environment
1. Pursuit of a niche and formation of clusters. and detecting changes in land features and land usage.
2. Efforts to tackle urgent national issues. 4. Andreia Carillo- astrophysicist based in Austin, USA
3. Cultivation of human resources in the fields of 5. Kamela Ng- molecular epidemiologist. Her current
S&T. research focused on the early detection of drug
4. Provision of support to small-to-mediocre resistant-tuberculosis transmission.
enterprise. 6. Migs Canilao- An Anthropologist and Archeologist. His
5. Promotion of technology transfer and utilization. research involves using high resolution satellite imagery
6. Building and upgrading of infrastructure in the to track ancient gold trails and settlements in
fields of S&T. Northwestern Luzon.
7. Enhancement of the relationship between 7. Sarah Oliva- Geophysicist based in New Orleans, USA.
government, industry, academic and society, and
foreign countries. List of Famous Filipino Biologist
8. Improvement of administrative ability in the 1. Angel C. Alcala- worked for the conservation of
fields of S&T. tropical marine resources and invented artificial coral
9. Fostering of Scientific, technological and reefs that are to be used for fisheries in Southeast Asia.
innovative culture. He is known for his research of Philippine amphibians
and reptiles which led to the addition of 50 new species.
2. Benjamin D. Cabrera- has been involved in medical
In addition, some strategies were updated. parasitology and public health & has published over 100
scientific studies. Developed innovative drug treatments
The ff. priority issues were presented: for mosquito borne diseases.
1. Widening access to cost effective and useful 3. Pedro B. Escuro- developed high-yield varieties of C4
technologies in order to enhance useful technologies in rice that was hardy against diseases and pest.
order to enhance innovation capabilities of small-to- 4. Edgardo Gomez- his work on coral reefs led to saving
medium companies. the true giant clam from extinction.
2. Providing state-of the art equipment and other 5.Bienvenido O. Juliano- developed a method of
support to assist local industries in creating innovation. evaluating grain quality and is a senior consultant for the
3. Utilizing ICT to expand economic opportunities. Phil. Rice Research Institute.

1
 6. Milagrosa R. Martinez- studied nostoc commune and 1. Project based instruction- allows for more hands-
chlorella. on interaction for students than the traditional
7. Evelyn Mae T. Mendoza- has performed research in classroom
plant biochemistry, particularly in the makapuno 2. Lecture-based Instruction- it presents new and
phenotype of coconut and the nutritional worth of complicated information in a traditional and familiar
certain legumes indigenous to the Phil., cassava and light.
sweet potatoes. Studied also the resistance of certain 3. Inquiry based learning- enables learners to
plants to pests or diseases. develop critical thinking skills as they use hands-on
8. Baldomero Olveria, Jr- conducted research in the activities and other activities to learn the content.
fields of molecular biology and biochemistry and he has
isolated key DNA enzymes. His discovery of Conus
peptides may lead to drugs for pain and nervous system Chapter 4
disorders. S&T and the Human Condition
9. Eduardo Quisumbing- authority of Phil. Plants. Martin Heidegger (a philosopher) states that
Published numerous papers, many concerning medicinal “technology is a way of reveling”- his view of
plants, like orchids. technology as a way of revealing would suggest that
10. Asuncion Raymundo- she applied biotechnology and technology is inextricably bound up with the way in
microbial genetics to agriculture of the Phil. and advisory which we live, our practices and our institutions.
group of S&T to the Office of the President.
11. Reynaldo A. Tabada- made contribution in air Human Flourishing- is an effort to achieve self-
pollution and water resources. actualization and fulfillment within the context of a
12. Carmen Velasquez- discovered 32 species and one larger community of individuals, each with the right
genus of digenetic trematodes on fish population. Also to pursue his or her own such efforts.
discovered 2 new trematode species of birds and five on
mammals. Discovered also a parasitic copepod and two The whole range of S&T examine one or more of the
new species of nematodes. following aspects of human flourishing:
13. Benito S. Vergara- expert on the flowering response  The structure of the physical world in which
of rice to photoperiodism and physiology. His research we live
has led to improvement of deep-water rice, rice that is  The nature of human identity and human
tolerant to floods and cold temperature and increased mystical experiences
production.  Character formation in adverse
14. Prescillano M. Zamora- done work on the xylem circumstances
elements of vascular plants that led to the discovery of  Relationship between scriptures and modern
additional species. Also contributed to the conservation scientific knowledge
of natural resources & environment policy research.
 Notion or purpose of biology
Science Education in the Philippines
The Good life- It is a philosophical term for the life that
 Philippine ranked poor in terms of Science and one would like to live.
Mathematics. According to abs-cbnnews.com on June
15, 2011, the Phil ranks a poor seventh among nine What then constitutes a good life?
ASEAN in the area of education and innovation. 1. Produce as much as you can.
 National Achievement Tests show that science 2. Develop good friend.
continues to be the most difficult field of study in 3. Keep your culture alive.
basic education in the Phil. 1999-2000. A.Y 4. Your spirituality counts a lot.
 The phil. Spend only 3.3% of our GDP (Gross 5. Don’t miss anything.
Domestic Product) on public educational institutions 6. Inspire your family and the inner circle.
for all levels of education.
 Factors that account for the low performance in Examination of Human Rights
science of the Filipino students includes: 1987 Philippine Constitution
1. Lack of support for scientific culture reflected in Article III- Bill of Rights
the deficiencies regarding the school curriculum. Article XII- Social Justice and Human Rights
2. Inadequate teaching learning process Human Rights- are designed to protect the individual
3. Insufficient instructional materials against violation by the government or by an
4. Lack of teacher training. individual or groups of individuals.
5. Large number of students in the classroom Three Human Rights
 Several solutions to address country’s poor 1. Natural Rights- possessed by man (not granted by
performance in science: the state) but conferred to him by God and nature so
that he may live happily.
Ex. Right to happiness, right to live, right to love

2
2. Statutory Rights- rights that are granted to
individual by laws which are promulgated by the law- 1987 Phil. Constitution- w/c stipulates that the “state
making body and consequently may be abolished by shall protect & advance the right of the people to a
the same body balance & healthful ecology with rhythm of nature.
Ex. Right to receive minimum wage, right to Phil. Agenda 21- w/c serves as the nation’s blueprint
receive 13th month pay, right to service incentive pay. for sustainable development.
3. Constitutional Rights- rights of the citizens to
participate directly or indirectly to the establishment Inter-Agency Committee on Climate Change (IA CCC)
or administration of the government. These Rights of w/c aimed at harnessing and synergizing the various
citizenships (Article IV) and Right to suffrage, right on activities undertaken by the national government &
information on matters of public concern (Article III, civil society in response to the crisis pose by the
section 7) growing problem on climate change.
Ex. Civil rights, social and economic rights, and
rights of the accused. R.A 8749 (Clean Air Act)- that moves for an effective
air quality management program that will mitigate
Ethical Dilemma of Robotics the worsening problem of air pollution in the country.
Isaac Asimov- developed his famous “three laws of
Robotics” R.A 8435 (Agriculture and Forestry Modernization
 A robot may not injure a human being, or Act of 1997)- stated that Dept. of Agriculture should
through inaction, allow human being to come take into account climate change, weather
to harm. disturbance and annual productivity cycle in order to
 A robot must obey the orders given it by forecast and formulate appropriate agricultural and
human beings except where such orders fisheries programs.
would conflict with the first law.
 A robot must protect its own existence as R.A 9003 (Solid Waste Management Act of 2000)-
long as such protection does not conflict with aimed at providing a comprehensive solution to the
the first or second law. country’s garbage problem.

Is Google making us stupid? R.A 9275 (Phil. Clean Water Act 0f 2004)- moves for
Nicholas G. Carr- main argument is that the internet comprehensive water quality management.
Internet might have detrimental effects on cognition
that diminish the capacity for concentration and Administrative order 171, 2007- created Presidential
contemplation. Task Force on Climate Change (PTFCC) to address and
Dr. Maria Wimber- a lecturer in University mitigate the impact of climate change in the Phil.
Birmingham’s School of Psychology. Believes that
internet simply changes the way we handle and store R.A 9729 (Climate Change Act of 2009)- systematized
information, so the “google effect” makes people and integrated the concept of climate change in the
good at remembering where to find a given bit of policy formulation and development plan of all
information, but not necessarily what the information government agencies and units to prepare the
was. government for the impact of climate change.
Prof. Betsy Sparrow concluded that brains rely on the
internet for memory in much the same way they rely Phil. Climate Change Commission (PCCC)- under the
on the memory of a friend, family member or co- office of the President as the policy making body of
worker. the Government to coordinate, monitor and evaluate
Dr. Genevieve Bell- Vice President of an Intel the program and action plan relating to climate
Company- believes not, saying technology help us live change.
smarter as we’re able to access answer. Being able to
create a well-formed question is an act of intelligence. Natural Framework Strategy on Climate Change
2010-2022 committed towards ensuring and
Local Government Policies that protect the well- strengthening the adaptation of our natural
being of the person ecosystem and human communities to climate
The ff. laws and agencies created to protect the change.
citizens and natural habitat from the impact and
negative effect of new technologies Current Issue in Science and Technology

Republic Act no. 10173- Data Privacy Act of 2012- The countries of the world must decide whether it
Protects the fundamental human rights of privacy of wants to continue establishing their important role in
communication w/c measures free flow of info. To technology market or just watch their role to diminish
promote innovation & growth. in this cyberage.

3
  Social Media- is the interaction among people in
Notre’ Dame’s John J. Relly Center for S&T, a list of which they share & exchange information & idea in
emerging ethical issues as well as policy issues in S&T. virtual community & network.

1. Personalized genetic tests/personalized medicine. - The future of communication, a

2. Hacking into medical devices countless array of internet, based tools
3. Driverless Zipcars & platform that increase & enhance
4. 3-D printing the sharing of information
5. Adaptation to climate change
6. Low-quality and counterfeit pharmaceuticals Impacts of Social Media
7. Autonomous systems Positive Impact
8. Human-animal hybrids (chimeras) 1. You can use social networking site to communicate to
9. Ensuring access to wireless and spectrum your friends, family, classmates, officemates, etc. E.g.
10. Ensuring access to wireless and spectrum Facebook
11. Human enhancements. 2. Talk to friends and people you haven’t seen in a long
time.
3. Thru online, you will have some form of internet
security.
Chapter 5 4. Children can able to teach the older person and help
Specific Issues in S&T them about social media.
5. Health benefits like determining certain kinds of
Development of Information Age (Computer Age, diseases and interventions.
Digital Age or New Media Age) 6. In business, it gives opportunity to any person to
 Began around 1970s and is still going on today produce, join and advertise products.
 This era brought about a time period in which people 7. In school, it gives students another option to study.
could access information and knowledge easily. Negative Impact
 Johannes Gutenberg- first one who introduced 1. In Personal Security, hackers can able to break
printing to Europe with the printing press on 15th through and steal things, such as credit card details, etc.
century. 2. It prevents one generation communicating with
 The role of the Gutenberg press and the internet in another due to their not being much that they can both
the establishment of Information and knowledge relate to it.
networks is profound because it enabled increasing 3. In Health, the doctors may diagnose you wrong
complex social organization and structures to because they are not seeing you in person. Prolonged
emerge and prosper expose to social media affects your health condition
 Printing Press- was responsible for some of the great due to lack of exercise.
revolutions in history, formed the basis for the 4. In business, it makes harder for new companies to
modern market economy and radically changed the succeed due to big companies.
socio-political structure of Europe. 5. In school, the work of students save on it could
 Gutenberg press and the Internet have allowed for deleted by a system error.
the development and flourishing of complex social
organization, the shifting nature of power and Information: The New Language of Science
control and the increasing de-centralization of
authority structures.  Hans Christian Von Baeyer- Physicist who provided
an accessible and engaging overview of the emerging
The impact of Social Media and Information Age on role of information as a fundamental building block
People’s Lives of science.
 Biodiversity- refers to the variety found in biota
Social- refers to interaction of organism with other form genetic make-up of plants and animals to
organisms. cultural diversity.
Media- defined as technologies that are intended to
reach a large audience by mass communication. Health Consequences of Biodiversity
Specific Pressures and Linkages of Biodiversity
Classification of Media 1. It has crucial role in human nutrition
 Broadcast media like radio 2. It has an essential role in primary health care
 Print media like newspaper, book etc. 3. it reduces the abundance of some organisms.
 Digital media like mobile, pager etc. 4. It provides numerous ecosystem services.
 Internet media or social media like e-mail,
website, blogs etc.

4
What does Biodiversity give to human lives? Chapter 6
Atleast 40% of the world’s economy & 80% of the needs The Nano World- small world
of the poor are derived from biological resources. In
addition, the richer the diversity of life, the grater the  Nano- Latin word “nenus” which means dwarf/
opportunity for medical discoveries, economic extremely small.
development, and adaptive responses to such new  Nano world- the global market leader for tips for
challenges are climate change. Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) and Atomic
Force Microscopy (AFM). Enables its users in
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO): Science, Health research and high-tech industry to investigate
and Politics materials at the atomic scale.
- are organisms that have had their genomes  AFM- defining instrument for the whole field of
changed in a way that does not happen naturally nanoscience and nanotechnology.
- Genomes- an organisms complete set of DNA,  Nanometer (nm)- is a unit of length equivalent to
including all of its genes. Each genome contains all one billionth (10-9) of a meter.
of the information needed to build and maintain
that organism. Ex. Crops Role of Nanotechnology in aiding and revolutionizing
- Any organisms could be genetically modified, but different aspects of S&T include:
laws restrict the creation of genetically modified 1. Areas of environmental science
humans, and the production and distribution of 2. Information technology
other GMOs are tightly regulated. 3. Medical science
- it could represent one of the biggest advances ever 4. Energy
achieved in farming 5.Transportation
- it could trigger a wide variety of serious 6. Internal security
environment and health problems. 7. Food safety
- the main proponents/supporters of GM foods are 8. Those related to human and environmental health
Americans
- the main Skeptics/doubters are Europeans and Nanotechnology and Impact on Human Lives
Asians.
1. Faster, smaller and more powerful computers.
Benefits of GMO 2. Faster, more functional and more accurate medical
1. Food supplied become predictable/expected- “when diagnostic equipment.
crop yields become predictable then the food supply 3. Nanoparticles in pharmaceutical products improve its
becomes predictable. This gives us the ability to reduce quality.
the presence of food returns around the world providing 4. Improved vehicle fuel efficiency and corrosion
a greater population. resistance.
2. Herbicides and Pesticides are used less often. 5. Nano particles or nanofibers in fabrics can enhance
3. Nutrition content can be improved- The nutritional stain, water and flame resistance without a significant
content of the crops can alter thus people in the future increase in weight, thickness or stiffness of the fabric.
could gain the same nutrition from lower levels of food 6. Water filters that are only 15-20 nm wide can remove
consumption. nano-sized particles, including virtually all viruses and
4. It creates foods that are more appealing to eat- colors bacteria.
can be change or improved with genetically modified 7. Carbon nanotubes have a variety of commercial uses,
foods so they become more pleasing to eat. including making sports equipment stronger and lighter
weight.
The risks of GMOs 8. Most sunscreens today are made from nanoparticles
1. Allergic Reaction- happens when a certain protein or that effectively absorb light including the more
allergen present in the GMO crop enters the body and dangerous ultraviolet range.
stimulates an immune response. 9. Many drink bottles are made from plastics containing
2. Production of toxins that harmful to human-toxins Nano clays, which increase resistance to permeation by
being produced when there is a damage in the “Gene of oxygen, carbon dioxide and moisture.
Interest” during the insertion process. 10. Thanks to nanotechnology, a huge variety of chemical
3. Disruption of biodiversity- The better traits produce sensors can be programmed to detect a particular
from engineering genes can result in the favoring of one chemical at amazingly low levels, for example, a single
organism. molecule out of billions.

5
Major Impact of Nanotechnology on Society Environmental Impacts of Nanotechnology and Its
Products
Positive Impact
1. Revolutionize manufacturing, healthcare, energy, Negative effect of Nanotechnology in environment
supply, communicating and probably defense. 1. Increased toxicological pollution on the environment
2. Transform labor, and the workplace, the medical due to technology.
system, transportation and power infrastructure and the
military. Ethical and Social Implications of Nanotechnology
Anthology of Nanotechnology from delves into near-,
Negative Impact mid-, and far-term issues. Comprehensive and
1. Exacerbate problem stemming from existing socio- authoritative, it
economic inequity and unequal distribution of power
between rich and poor causing “nano-divide”. 1. Goes beyond the usual environmental, health and
2. Has the potential to destabilize international relations safety (EHS) concerns to explore such topics as privacy,
through nano arms, race and the increased potential for nanomedicine, human enhancement, global regulation,
bioweaponry. military, humanitarian, education, artificial intelligence,
space exploration, life extension and more.
Cost and Benefits to Society of Nanotechnology 2. Features contributions from forty preeminent experts
 Potential opportunities of nanotechnologies in the from academia and industry worldwide, reflecting
international development priorities include: diverse perspectives.
1. Improved water purification systems 3. Includes seminal works that influence nanoethics
2.ImprovedEnergy Systems, medicines and today.
pharmaceuticals 4. Encourage an informed, proactive approach to
3. Increase Food production and nutrition nanoethics and advocates addressing new and emerging
4.Improved Information and communication controversies before they impede progress or impact our
technologies. welfare.

Advantages of Nanotechnology The end.

1. Nanotechnology can actually revolutionize a lot of
electronic products, procedures and applications.
2. Nanotechnology can also benefit the energy sector.
3.Another industry that can benefit from
nanotechnology is the manufacturing sector that will
need materials like nanotubes, aerogels, nano particles
and etc.
4. In the medical world, nanotechnology is also seen as a
boon since these can help with creating what is called
smart drugs.

Disadvantages of Nanotechnology
1. Possible loss of jobs in the traditional farming and
manufacturing industry.
2. It can bring crash of certain market due to the lowering
of the value of oil and diamonds due to the possibility of
developing alternative sources of energy.
3. Atomic weapons that can be now more accessible and
made to be more powerful and more destructive.
4. Since these particles are very small, problems can
actually arise from the inhalation of these minute
particles, much like the problems a person gets from
inhaling minute asbestos particles.
5. Nanotechnology is very expensive because of pretty
difficult to manufacture.