MCA 502 - Cloud

Computing

Theory 80 + 20 marks
Lab: 80 + 20 marks

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 Introduction:
Computing describes the way how computers and computer
systems work and how they are constructed and programmed.

1. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING

It is a type of computing in which different parts of a program run

simultaneously on two or more computers that are communicating with each
other over a network.

 It also refers to the processing in which different parts of a program run

concurrently on two or more processors that are part of the same computer.

 Both types of processing require that a program be segmented—divided into

segments that can run concurrently. Over the decades, distributed
computing has been an essential component of scientific computing.

 It comprises of a set of processes that cooperate to achieve a common

specific goal. Mostly social network sites are implemented by using the
concept of distributed computing systems

 There are two chief distributed computing standards: CORBA and DCOM
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 2. UTILITY COMPUTING

 Due to its flexibility and economy, utility computing is one of the

most popular IT service models.

 Grid computing, cloud computing and managed IT services are

based on the concept of utility computing.

 Utility computing is the process of providing computing service

through an on-demand, pay-peruse billing method.

 Utility computing is a computing business model in which the

provider owns, operates and manages the computing resources,
infrastructure and the subscribers accesses it as and when required
on a rental or metered basis .

 Utility computing usually envisions some form of virtualization so

that the amount of storage or computing power available is
considerably larger than that of a single time-sharing computer. For
this purpose, multiple servers are used on the back end. These
might be a dedicated computer cluster specifically built for the
purpose of being rented out.
 This model is based on that used by conventional utilities such as telephone
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services, electricity and gas
 3.CLUSTER COMPUTING

A cluster computing is a type of parallel or distributed processing system,

which consists of a collection of interconnected stand-alone computers
working together as a single integrated computing resource.

The components of a cluster are commonly, but not always, linked to each
other through fast local area networks.
A computer node will be one or multiprocessor system (PCs, workstations,
or SMPs) with memory, I/O facilities, and an operating system.

A cluster generally refers to two or additional computers (nodes) connected

along. The nodes can exist in a single cabinet or be physically separated
and connected via a LAN. An inter-connected (LAN-based) cluster of
computers will seem as a single system to users and applications.

Multiple High Performance Computers (PCs, Workstations, or SMPs)

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 4.GRID COMPUTING
 Grid computing is a distributed architecture that combines computer
resources from various domains to reach a main objective.
 In grid computing, the computers run independent tasks and are
loosely linked by the Internet can work on a task together, thus
functioning as a supercomputer.
 Typically, a grid works on various tasks among a network, but it is
additionally capable of performing on specialized applications. It is
designed to resolve issues that are too big for a supercomputer while
maintaining the flexibility to process various smaller problems.
 Computing grids deliver a multiuser infrastructure that
accommodates the discontinuous demands of large information
processing.

 A grid is connected by parallel nodes that form a computer cluster,

which runs on an operating system like Linux or free software
 The grid technology is applied to a wide range of applications, such as
mathematical, scientific or educational tasks through several computing
resources. It is often used in structural analysis, Web services such as
ATM banking, backoffice infrastructures, and scientific or marketing
research
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HISTORY OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing is believed to have been invented

by Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider in the 1960s with his
work on ARPANET to connect people and data from
anywhere at any time.

In 1969, J. C. R. Licklider helped develop the ARPANET

(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), a “very”
primitive version of the Internet. JCR, or “Lick” was both a
psychologist and a computer scientist, and promoted a
vision called the “Intergalactic Computer Network,” in
which everyone on the planet would be interconnected by
way of computers, and able to access information from
anywhere.
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Cloud computing is one of the greatest developments in
technology over the past decade, and allows online file
access across several applications spread over a vast
geographical area. 

Cloud computing creates virtual space or a cloud of files

and applications that may be used and shared by all
members of an organization, no matter where they are. 

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Cloud Computing is the practice of using large
groups of remote servers, hosted on Internet, to
store and access applications and computer
data, instead of saving them on the local server
or personal computer.
NIST definition: “Cloud computing is a model for
enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network
access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications,
and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management effort or service
provider interaction.”
This cloud model is composed of five essential
characteristics, three service models, and four
deployment
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 The need for Cloud Computing

Most organizations spend several million dollars each year on

procuring the right hardware and software for their employees.
These purchases include not just the computers and laptops, but
also software and software licenses.  For every additional employee
a new software license has to be bought. This is financially draining
for any organization, big or small.
It drastically reduces the cost of hiring software engineers and other specialized
workers for IT support, as the streamlined software available on the cloud
eliminates the need for a lot of heterogeneous hardware and software.

Also, an organization that avails of cloud computing can use the processing

power of the entire network or cloud that it is a part of. So it never falls short on
processing power.

Another huge advantage is that since cloud computing eliminates the need for

an organization to buy hardware, a plenty of physical space is saved. There is
no need to reserve space on the company premises for giant servers, for
instance.
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Essential Characteristics:

On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing

capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically
without requiring human interaction with each service provider.

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 Broad network access/ Ubiquitous network access
Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through
standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick
client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).

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Resource pooling. The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve
multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and
virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer
demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the customer
generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided
resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction
(e.g., country, state, or datacenter). Examples of resources include storage,
processing, memory, and network bandwidth.

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Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some
cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with
demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear
to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time.

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 Measured service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize
resource use by leveraging a metering capability1 at some level of
abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing,
bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be
monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the
provider and consumer of the utilized service.

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 Service Models
Software as a Service (SaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to
use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure2. The
applications are accessible from various client devices through either a thin
client interface, such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email), or a program
interface. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even
individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-
specific application configuration settings.
Examples of SaaS are Salesforce, Google Docs, Office 365, Basecamp etc

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Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to
deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications
created using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by
the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has
control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the
application-hosting environment.
Examples of PaaS are Google App Engine, Cloud Foundry, Engine Yard Etc.

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Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to
provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing
resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which
can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage
or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating
systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select
networking components (e.g., host firewalls).
Examples of IaaS are Amazon EC2, Rackspace, Google Compute Engine etc.

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A cloud deployment model is a specific configuration of environment
parameters such as the accessibility and proprietorship of the deployment
infrastructure and storage size. It means that deployment types vary depending on
who controls the infrastructure and where it resides.

 To make the most use of this computing type, a company should opt for a
model that suits it the most.

 To choose one, consider computing, networking and storage requirements,

available resources and business goals, as well as the pros and cons of cloud
deployment models.

 Public Cloud

 Private Cloud

 Community Cloud

 Hybrid Cloud
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 Public Cloud
The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by the general
public. It may be owned, managed, and operated by a business,
academic, or government organization, or some combination of them.
It exists on the premises of the cloud provider.

• Server infrastructure belongs to service providers that manage them and

administer pool resources, which is why there is no need for user companies
to buy and maintain their hardware.

• Provider companies offer resources as a service both free of charge or on a

pay-per-use basis via the Internet connection. Users can scale resources
when required.

When it comes to popular public cloud deployment models,

examples are Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) — the top
 service provider, Microsoft Azure, Google App Engine, IBM Cloud,
Salesforce Heroku and others.

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  Hassle-free infrastructure management. Having a third party running
your cloud infrastructure is convenient: you do not need to develop and
maintain your software as the service provider does it for you. Also, the
infrastructure setup and use are unsophisticated.
 High scalability. You can easily extend the available capacity as your
company requirements increase.
 Reduced costs. You pay only for the service you use, no need to invest in
hardware or software.
 24/7 uptime. An extensive network of the provider’s servers ensures the
constant availability of your infrastructure and its improved operation time

Compromised reliability.
often enough, public clouds experience outages and malfunction, as it was
in the case of the Salesforce CRM disruption in 2016 that caused a storage
collapse.
Data security and privacy give rise to concern. Although access to data
is easy, a public deployment model deprives users of knowing where their
information is kept and who has access to it.

The lack of a bespoke service. Service providers have only standardized
service options, which is why they will probably fail to satisfy their
requirements if they are unusual.
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Private Cloud
There is little to no difference between a public and a private model from the
technical point of view, as their architectures are very similar. However, opposed to
a public cloud that is available to the general public, only one specific company
owns a private one. That is why it is also called an internal or corporate.

Only one organization uses this deployment model to run its workloads, and the
server can be hosted externally or on the premises of the user company.

Regardless of their physical location, these infrastructures are maintained on a

designated private network and use software and hardware that are intended
for a specific company.

 Private model is especially suitable for companies that seek to safeguard

their mission-critical operations or for businesses with changing
requirements.

 Multiple public cloud service providers — including Amazon, IBM, Cisco, Dell
and Red Hat — also provide private solutions along with public ones.

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  Bespoke and flexible development and high scalability, which allows
companies to customize their infrastructures in accordance with their
requirements

 High security, privacy and reliability as only authorized persons can

access resources

 The major disadvantage of the private cloud deployment model is

its cost, as it requires considerable expenses on hardware,
software and staff training.

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3. Community Cloud

 A community deployment model largely resembles a private one; the only

difference is the set of users. While a private type implies that only one
company owns the server, in the case of a community one, several
organizations with similar backgrounds share the infrastructure and
related resources.

 If the organizations have uniform security, privacy and performance

requirements, this multi-tenant data center architecture helps companies
achieve their business-specific objectives.

 That is why a community model is particularly suited for organizations that

work on joint projects.

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 Cost reduction
Improved security, privacy and reliability
Ease of data sharing and collaboration
The Shortcomings of a Community Cloud

 High cost if compared to a public deployment model

 Sharing of fixed storage and bandwidth capacity
 It is not widespread so far

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4. Hybrid Cloud

As it is usually the case with any hybrid phenomenon, a hybrid cloud

encompasses the best features of the above-mentioned deployment models
— public, private and community ones. It allows companies to mix and
match the facets of all three types that best suit their requirements.

As an example, a company can balance its load by locating mission-critical

workloads on a secure private cloud and deploying less sensitive ones to a
public one.

Hybrid cloud deployment model not only safeguards and controls

strategically important assets but does so in the most cost- and resource-
effective way possible for each specific case

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 Improved security and privacy
Enhanced scalability and flexibility
Reasonable price

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