https://www.australiantraveller.

com/nsw/sydney/sydney-harbour-bridge/

AMME 2301/9301: Mechanics of Solids

-WK3: Axial load
Xianghai An
S516, J07 Mechanical Building

Email: [email protected]
 Normal Strain
 The elongation / contraction of a line segment
per unit of length is referred to as normal strain.
(changes in size) 

 +e ： line elongates  Unit: dimensionless

 -e ： line contracts  m/m, mm/mm
2
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
Average Normal Strain

 Average Normal Strain (uniform

deformation)

3
https://www.kyowaei.com/eng/technical/strainbasic_course/index.html
 Shear Strain (changes in shape)
 Change in angle between 2-line segments that were
perpendicular to one another refers to shear strain 

y y
 +g: q’<p/2; -g: q’>p/2
c
 Radians (Rad)

x 2
  Small strain analysis
x
a a
x b
x b (e<<1), sinq=tanq=q,
cosq=1 (q is very 4
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
Stress-Strain relationship

up to necking
https://civil.seu.edu.cn/mi/hardening/list.htm https://nano.yale.edu/instron-mechanical-tester 5
Offset yield strength
ss or s0.2%

s (MPa)
e
0.002
0.2% offset

6
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
https://www.mtu.edu/materials/k12/experiments/tensile/
Poisson’s Ratio

Poisson ratio (n) is expressed as the ratio of Lateral strain to its

Linear (Longitudinal) Strain (within elastic range)

7
 Elastic
deformation of
an axially
loaded member

8
Elastic displacement

Fp = sA  
=e

s = Ee

 
Fp/A = E /  
= Fp/EA
 Elastic deformation
 ： relative displacement (d: delta)
 + d: Tension; - d: Compression
 EA ： Axial rigidity
 Constant Load and Cross-Sectional Area
9
Elastic displacement

 
d= Fp/EA

 
Fp = (EA/)d

 
k = EA/
Axial
stiffness
 
f = /EA The constant k is called
Axial flexibility stiffness and f is flexibility
10
Elastic displacement

p1 p1 P2 P3 p5 p4
p1

p1 P2 p3 p4 p1 P2 p3 p4

 
d=d1+d2+d3+d4+…=

Elastic deformation
Algebraic addition
Tension: positive; compression: negative;
Uniform deformation
11
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
Elastic displacement: general case

Elastic deformation
N(x): internal axial force at the section
12
Examples

13
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
Examples

14
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
Examples

15
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
Examples
The assembly consists of an aluminum tube AB having a cross-sectional area of
400 mm2. A steel rod having a diameter of 10 mm is attached to a rigid collar and
passes through the tube. If a tensile load of 80 kN is applied to the rod, determine
the displacement of the end C of the rod. (Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa )

Find the displacement of end C with respect to end B.

C / B 
PL

  
 80 103  0.6 
 0.003056 m 
AE   0.005 200 109   
Displacement of end B with respect to the fixed end A,

B 
PL


 80103   0.4 
 0.001143  0.001143 m 

AE 40010  7010 
6 9
 
Since both displacements are to the right,

 C   C   C / B  0.0042 m  4.20 mm  (Ans)

R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
Statically indeterminate axially loaded member

FA=P

 Statically determinate – unknown reactions can be determined strictly

from equilibrium equations. (the # of unknown reactions = the #
equations of statics)
 Statically indeterminate – the static equilibrium equations are
insufficient for determining the  unknown reactions. (the # of
unknown reactions > the # equations of statics) 17
Compatibility conditions

Axial loading Torsion Bending

 Compatibility equation or kinematic conditions: an

additional equation that specifies how the structure is
displaced due to the applied loading.
18
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
Compatibility conditions

R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson. 19

Force method

= +

20
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
Statically indeterminate axially loaded member

Equilibrium

Compatibility

Constitutive relation
21
Examples

Esteel=193GPa,
Ebrass=101GPa

22
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
Examples

23
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
Examples

E=200GPa

24
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
Examples

25
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
Thermal expansion

https://www.simply.science/index.php/physics/thermal-physics/thermal-exp
ansion/expansion-of-solids

https://inspectapedia.com/structure/Brick_Wall_Expansion_Cracks.php
https://www.hbm.com/en/8636/determine-the-thermal-expansion-coefficient/

https://www.liacoseducationalmedia.com/shedding-light-on-heat-episode-3-thermal-expansion https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/510947520202433787/
26
Thermal expansion

https://www.simply.science/index.php/physics/thermal-physics/thermal-exp
ansion/expansion-of-solids

https://inspectapedia.com/structure/Brick_Wall_Expansion_Cracks.php
https://www.hbm.com/en/8636/determine-the-thermal-expansion-coefficient/

https://www.liacoseducationalmedia.com/shedding-light-on-heat-episode-3-thermal-expansion https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/510947520202433787/
27
Thermal expansion

https://global.kyocera.com/fcworld/charact/heat/thermaexpan.html

https://inspectapedia.com/structure/Brick_Wall_Expansion_Cracks.php

28
Thermal Strain and Stress

    𝜹𝑻
= 𝜺 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 = =𝜶 ∙ ∆ 𝑻
𝑳

L
Coupled strain status
 
𝜺 𝒙 = 𝜺 𝑻 +𝜺 𝝈 𝒙 =𝜶 ∆ 𝑻 +
𝝈𝒙 L d
𝑬
  𝝂𝝈 𝒙
𝜺 𝒚 =𝜺 𝑻 +𝜺 𝝈 𝒚 = 𝜶 ∆ 𝑻 −
𝑬  
d= F/EA EAd/l=F
  𝝂𝝈 𝒙
𝜺 𝒛= 𝜺 𝑻 + 𝜺 𝝈 𝒛 =𝜶 ∆ 𝑻 −
𝑬
Ee=F/A  
E()=s
29
Examples

Est=200GPa, Eal=73.1GPa

30
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
Examples

31
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
Stress Concentrations
 In almost engineering components and machine have to
incorporate design features which introduce changes in
thin cross-section.
 Changes in cross section causes localised stress
concentrations and severity depends on the geometry of
the discontinuity and nature of the materials.
 Variation in properties of materials: internal cracks,
flaws, cavities and nonmetallic or foreign inclusions.
 Point loads

 Discontinuities in the component

 Machining scratches

 ……
32
Stress Concentrations

Stress Concentration factor:

R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson. 33

https://www.mathworks.com/help/pde/ug/stress-concentration-in-plate-with-circular-hole.html
Stress Concentrations

34
R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, 9th edition, Pearson.
Thanks for your attention!

35