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    Unit - 1: Science of Measurement

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    Blakheart Tyson
    This document discusses measurement systems and their components. It covers topics like: - Measurands are physical quantities that a measurement system measures, like temperature, pressure, heart rate. - Sensors convert physical quantities into electrical signals. Transducers further convert these signals into a readable format. - Signal conditioning circuits filter, amplify, and process raw sensor signals to prepare them for output display. - Outputs can be numerical, graphical, or waveforms shown on devices like LCDs or oscilloscopes. Alarms and data storage are also discussed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Unit - 1: Science of Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Blakheart Tyson
    16 views29 pages
    This document discusses measurement systems and their components. It covers topics like: - Measurands are physical quantities that a measurement system measures, like temperature, pressure, heart rate. - Sensors convert physical quantities into electrical signals. Transducers further convert these signals into a readable format. - Signal conditioning circuits filter, amplify, and process raw sensor signals to prepare them for output display. - Outputs can be numerical, graphical, or waveforms shown on devices like LCDs or oscilloscopes. Alarms and data storage are also discussed.

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    UNIT-1

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    This document discusses measurement systems and their components. It covers topics like: - Measurands are physical quantities that a measurement system measures, like temperature, pressure, heart rate. - Sensors convert physical quantities into electrical signals. Transducers further convert these signals into a readable format. - Signal conditioning circuits filter, amplify, and process raw sensor signals to prepare them for output display. - Outputs can be numerical, graphical, or waveforms shown on devices like LCDs or oscilloscopes. Alarms and data storage are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    16 views29 pages

    Unit - 1: Science of Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Blakheart Tyson
    This document discusses measurement systems and their components. It covers topics like: - Measurands are physical quantities that a measurement system measures, like temperature, pressure, heart rate. - Sensors convert physical quantities into electrical signals. Transducers further convert these signals into a readable format. - Signal conditioning circuits filter, amplify, and process raw sensor signals to prepare them for output display. - Outputs can be numerical, graphical, or waveforms shown on devices like LCDs or oscilloscopes. Alarms and data storage are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 29

    UNIT -1 : SCIENCE

    OF MEASUREMENT
    MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
    • Measurement : Comparing an unknown value of a
    physical quantity with a value which is already known
    to us.
    • Various parameters measure are Pressure,
    temperature, respiration rate, heart rate, pulse rate,
    blood flow etc.
    • It conveys the functioning of our body system
    whether it is functioning normally or abnormally.
    MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
    MEASURAND
    • It is a physical quantity, property or condition that system measures is called
    the measurand.
    • Important factor for measurand is its accessibility because it may be external
    or internal. External like body temperature and internal like blood flow or
    cardiac output.
    • Various measurand parameters include pressure, temperature, blood flow,
    heart rate, respiration rate, bio potentials etc.

    note:

    note- example for representation…..no need to study


    SENSORS/TRANSDUCERS
    • Transducer converts one form of energy to another form, mainly non-
    electrical to electrical.
    • Sensors are device that measures a physical quantity and converts it
    into a signal which can be read by an instrument or observer.

    Transducer
    Sensor
    Continued…….

    • Primary sensing element – Sensors have primary sensing element for


    detecting the physical quantity.

    • Variable conversion element – Sometimes output of primary sensing


    element will not be in a suitable format so variable conversion
    element are used for converting the detected quantity in a suitable
    format.
    SIGNAL CONDITIONING CIRCUIT
    • Sensors output cannot be directly showed on the display. The signals
    we obtain from sensors are raw signals and it needs to be processed
    for suitable display.
    • The noise or unwanted signals portion needs to be filtered and
    removed from the raw signals.
    • Sometimes signals are very low in strength and it needs to be
    amplified. Mostly used instruments for this purpose are operational
    amplifiers or op-amps, invertor circuits, low pass and high pass filters
    etc.
    OUTPUT DISPLAY

    • DISPLAY CAN BE IN NUMERICAL, GRAPHICAL, DISCRETE OR


    CONTINOUS WAVEFORM.
    LCD
    CRO DSO

    GRAPHICAL CONTINOUS AND DISCRETE


    REPRESENTATION
    ALARM SYSTEM
    DATA STORAGE SYSTEM
    • The physiological data or information obtained at the final stage can
    be stored using electrical or mechanical means.
    • This data can be used for examination by the operator or the
    physician.
    • The stored data can also be further wirelessly sent to remote location
    to a doctor or a medical facility.
    • Ex. Inkjet Recording, Ultrasonic Recording, Thermal Recording.
    MODES OF MEASUREMENT
    • DIRECT AND INDIRECT MODES
    • Direct mode of measurement is done when the measurand is
    accessible and can be measured directly. There is zero to minimal
    requirement of invasive procedures for the same.
    • For Ex. We can measure the body temperature directly from the skin
    surface, measurement of blood pressure using sphygmomanometer.

    • Indirect mode of measurement the measurand will be difficult to


    access directly and there may be a need of invasive procedure.
    • For Ex. Cardiac output measurement by inserting catheter in the
    blood vessels, Organ morphology through X-ray shadows.
    SAMPLING AND CONTINOUS MODE
    • Sampling mode: For slow varying measurands like temperature and ion
    concentrations in blood that are sensed infrequently.

    • Continuous mode: Critical parameters like ECG and respiratory gas flow
    requires constant monitoring and hence this mode is used.
    GENERATING AND MODULATING MODE
    • Generating: also known as self-powered mode where sensors derive
    their operational energy from the measurand itself.
    Example: piezoelectric sensors, solar cells

    •Modulating: Sensors drive their operational power from an external


    power source and the output is also affected due to this.
    Example: photoconductive or piezoresistive sensor
    MEASUREMENT CONSTRAINTS

    • SAFETY:- Due to interactions of sensors with living tissues safety is


    the primary consideration in every design and testing phase. Safety
    of the operating personal should also be considered.
    CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS
    • An input transducer takes a form of energy and converts it into an electrical signal.

    • An output transducer takes electricity and converts it into another form of energy - for
    example a light bulb takes electricity and converts it to light, or a motor converting
    electricity to motion. 

    Classification based on Physical Effect


    Based on the physical effect to convert the physical quantity to electrical quantity. An
    example, is the change in resistance (physical quantity) of a copper element in proportion to
    the change in temperature.
    Variation in Resistance
    Variation in Inductance
    Variation in Capacitance
    Piezoelectric Effect
    Classification based on Physical Quantity
    Based on the physical quantity converted i.e. the end use of the transducer after
    the conversion. For example, a Pressure Transducer is a transducer that converts
    pressure into electrical signal.
    Example
    • Temperature Transducer
    • Pressure Transducer
    • Displacement Transducer
    • Force Transducer
    Classification based on Power source
    • Active Transducer: Does not require external power source
    • Passive Transducer: Requires external power source
    CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSDUCERS

    • Accurate:- The transducer should be able to give accurate outputs


    which should be an accepted standard value.
    • Linear:- The output of the transducer should be linearly proportional
    with the input.
    • Durability:- A transducer should be able to withstand overloads.
    • Repeatable:- The output of the transducer must be exactly the same,
    under same environmental conditions, when the same quantity is
    applied at the input repeatedly.
    • Stability: The output of the transducer should be stable with
    minimum error and remain unaffected from external environmental
    changes.
    • Size: Smallest possible size and minimal weight.
    HOW PERFORMANCE OF MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
    IS EVALUATED
    • To commercially evaluate the performance of a new instrument with other
    instruments in the market.

    • It specifies how well an instrument performs under different conditions.

    STATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS

    • Static Characteristics: Some application involves measurement of the quantities


    that are either constant or varies very slowly with time. For such system we
    evaluate performance on the basis of static characteristics.
    • Dynamic Characteristics: Some application involves measurement of rapidly
    changing quantities and in such cases we evaluate performance on the basis of
    dynamic characteristics of the instrument.
    STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
     DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS
     ACCURACY
     PRECISION
     RESOLUTION
     REPRODUCTIBILITY/ REPEATABILITY
     LINEARITY
     SENSITIVITY
    UNDESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS
    • ZERO DRIFT
    • SENSITIVITY DRIFT
    • DEAD ZONE
    ACCURACY
    • Degree of closeness with which the instrument reading approaching
    the true value of the quantity to be measured.
    • The accuracy of a single measured quantity is the difference between
    the true value and the measured value divided by the true value :
    Accuracy =(True – Measured)/ True
    • Example, Accuracy of temperature measuring instrument might be
    specified by ±3ºC. This accuracy means the temperature reading
    might be within + or -3ºC deviation from the true value.
    PRECISION

    • Precision refers to the degree of proximity or closeness of the results of


    different measurements to each other.
    • A meter that displays reading 4.634 is more precise than that which shows
    4.63 .
    • High Precision does not means high accuracy.
    RESOLUTION
    • Resolution is the ability of the measurement system to detect and
    indicate smallest of the incremental values.
    • Resolution is the ability to see fine details in a system.
    SENSITIVITY
    LINEARITY
    • Linearity is an indicator of the consistency of measurements over the entire range of
    measurements. The input variables are varied in a controlled manner and the resultant
    output is recorded.
    • A linear system satisfies the condition:
    • If x1 --- y1 , x2 ----y2 , then the system is linear if and only if:
    ax1 + bx2 --- ay1 + by2
    • Non-linearity defined as maximum deviation of any output reading from linear fit line
    REPRODUCTIBILITY / REPEATABILITY

    • The ability of an instrument to give the same output for equal inputs applied over some period of
    time is called reproducibility.
    ZERO DRIFT
    Zero drift or bias describes the effect where the zero reading of an instrument is modified by a
    change in ambient conditions. This causes a constant error that exists over the full range of
    measurement of the instrument.
    • For example :- It is quite usual to find that there is a reading of perhaps 1 kg with no one on the
    scale. If someone of known weight 70 kg were to get on the scale, the reading would be 71 kg.
    SENSITIVITY DRIFT
    • Sensitivity drift (also known as scale factor drift) defines the amount by
    which an instrument's sensitivity of measurement varies as ambient
    conditions change. For example under different temperature or
    pressure.
    • Example: variations of ECG amplifier gain due to the fluctuation of dc
    power supply voltage or temperature.
    DEAD ZONE
    • 7) Dead Zone: Dead zone or dead band is defined as the range of input values for
    which there is no output of the instrument.( The region up to which the
    instrument does not respond for an input change is called dead zone)

    • Dead time is the time required by an instrument to begin to respond to change in


    input quantity.
    DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS

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