Seminar On Power Systems: BY: Sarmishtha Satpathy REGD NO: 0701209432 Applied Electronics & Instrumentation Engg

Seminar on
POWER SYSTEMS
BY:
SARMISHTHA SATPATHY
REGD NO: 0701209432
APPLIED ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION ENGG.
CONTENTS
• Energy consumption and energy needs
• Renewable energy: merits and drawbacks
• Energy efficient methods of:
-Power Generation
-IGCC
-CCT
-CCS
-CHP/ Polygeneration
-Power Consumption
-VFD
-LED lamps
• Energy conservation
Energy consumption
• Man has fueled his development with energy, using it to fulfill his
insatiable needs.
• On basis of energy consumption, civilization process can be
divided into:
1. Muscle Age
2. Mechanical Age
3. Electrical Age
4. Electronics Age
• Development is often coupled with increased energy needs, i.e. ,
developed countries are expected to use more energy.
• This has led to a further imbalance in our energy budget.
• Fossil fuels, currently our primary source, are nearing depletion.
Energy consumption on basis of lifestyle
Need for smart moves
• Our increased energy demands have put forth two
major problems:
i.Energy deficiency
ii.Environmental Pollution
• This has lead to an enhanced energy awareness, and
a search for some smart ideas that can put us out of
this imminent darkness.
• Presently, we have three very viable options:
1. Renewable energy
2. Efficient use of energy
3. Conservation of energy
Renewable energy
• Options are:
solar energy, wind energy, hydel ( hydro, tidal and ocean thermal energy),
nuclear( fission and fusion) energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy.
• Hydro Power: Potential and kinetic energy of water converted into
electricity in hydroelectric plants. It includes large as well as small hydro,
regardless of the size of the plants.
• Geothermal Energy: Energy available as heat emitted from within the
earth’s crust, usually in the form of hot water or steam.
• Solar Energy: Solar radiation exploited for hot water production and
electricity generation. Does not account for passive solar energy for the
direct heating, cooling and lighting of dwellings or other.
• Wind Energy: Kinetic energy of wind exploited for electricity generation in
wind turbines.
• Tide/Wave/Ocean Energy: Mechanical energy derived from tidal
movement, wave .
• These are generally, & in the long run, clean, efficient, inexpensive & abundant.
• Another huge advantage is Decentralization, i.e., availability of power in remote
areas.
• This also creates numerous employment opportunities, mitigating migration to
urban areas.
• But these are not without drawbacks.
• Moreover, technical inexpertise is proving to be a deterrent in their use.
• Some serious pollution is caused in some cases like: solar panels use arsenic
and sulphates and nitrates, which are environmentally dangerous.
• Tidal and hydro energy harvesting has very detrimental effects on the
ecosystem.
• Wind mills create RADAR holes, & are a threat to migratory birds.
• Geothermal energy tapings release heavy earth metals, sulfates and bromides,
and cause thermal imbalances.
• Ocean thermal energy uses ammonia as its working fluid, and its leakage is very
harmful. It also raises the water temperature by an average of 1oc, and thus
harms aquatic life.
Energy efficient methods
• Energy saved is energy produced.
• Increased energy efficiency aims at producing
same output at a lesser input.
• Energy efficiency can be increased at both
production & consumption levels.
• At production level we’ve innovations like: Clean
coal technology & cogeneration (polygeneration)
• At consumption level we can use smarter devices
like CFLs, LED lamps and VFDs.
Clean Coal Technology
• When burned, coal is the dirtiest of all fossil fuels but a range
of technologies are being used and developed to reduce the
environmental impact of coal-fired power stations
Collectively, they are known as clean coal technology (CCT).
• The various processes involved are : coal preparation( gravity
separation, pulverisation) , gasification , removal of pollutants
( desulferisation, electrostatic precipitation), CCS( carbon
capture and storage).
• In Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) systems,
coal is not combusted directly but reacts with oxygen and
steam to form a "syngas" (primarily hydrogen). After being
cleaned, it is burned in a gas turbine to generate electricity
and to produce steam to power a steam turbine.
CCS( carbon capture and storage).
Combined Heat And Power
•Cogeneration (also combined heat and power, CHP) is the use of a heat
engine or a power station to simultaneously generate both electricity
and useful heat. It is one of the most common forms of energy recycling.
•Conventional power plants emit the heat created as a by-product of
electricity generation into the natural environment through cooling
towers, flue gas, or by other means. By contrast CHP captures the by-
product heat for domestic or industrial heating purposes.
•By-product heat at moderate temperatures used in absorption chillers
for cooling. A plant producing electricity, heat and cold is sometimes
called trigeneration or more generally: polygeneration plant.
•Cogeneration is a thermodynamically efficient use of fuel. In separate
production of electricity some energy must be rejected as waste heat,
but in cogeneration this thermal energy is put to good use.
Energy efficiency in consumption
• A variable-frequency drive (VFD) is a system for controlling the
rotational speed of an alternating current (AC) electric motor
by controlling the frequency of the electrical power supplied to
the motor. A variable frequency drive is a specific type of
adjustable-speed drive. Variable-frequency drives are also
known as adjustable-frequency drives (AFD), variable-speed
drives (VSD).
• Variable-frequency drives are widely used. In ventilation
systems for large buildings, variable-frequency motors on fans
save energy by allowing the volume of air moved to match the
system demand. They are also used on pumps, elevator,
conveyor and machine tool drives.
VFD system description
A variable frequency drive system generally consists of an AC motor, a

controller and an operator interface
VFD Operation
• When an induction motor is connected to a full voltage supply, it draws
several times (up to about 6 times) its rated current. As the load accelerates,
the available torque usually drops a little and then rises to a peak while the
current remains very high until the motor approaches full speed.
• When a VFD starts a motor, it initially applies a low frequency and voltage to
the motor. The starting frequency is 2 Hz or less. Thus starting at such a low
frequency avoids the high inrush current that occurs when a motor is started
by simply applying the utility (mains) voltage by turning on a switch. After
the start of the VFD, the applied frequency and voltage are increased at a
controlled rate or ramped up to accelerate the load without drawing
excessive current. This starting method typically allows a motor to develop
150% of its rated torque while the VFD is drawing less than 50% of its rated
current from the mains in the low speed range. A VFD can be adjusted to
produce a steady 150% starting torque from standstill right up to full speed
Other energy efficient devices and methods
• Insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and

cooling energy to achieve and maintain a comfortable
temperature. Another example would be installing LED lamps
or fluorescent lights and/or skylights instead of incandescent
lights to attain the same level of illumination. Compact
fluorescent lights use two-thirds less energy and may last 6 to
10 times longer than incandescent light bulbs
• Modern energy-efficient appliances, such as refrigerators,
freezers, ovens, stoves, dishwashers, and clothes washers and
dryers, use significantly less energy than older appliances.
Current energy efficient refrigerators, for example, use 40
percent less energy than conventional models did in 2001.
Energy Conservation
• It’s the cleanest source of energy.
• Energy conservation is broader than energy
efficiency in that it encompasses using less energy to
achieve a lesser energy service, for example through
behavioral change, as well as encompassing energy
efficiency. Examples of conservation without
efficiency improvements would be heating a room
less in winter, driving less, or working in a less
brightly lit room or simply walking or riding a cycle
instead of a car or bike.
References:
"The Future of Coal". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://web.mit.edu/coal/

"Time to bury the ‘clean coal’ myth". London: The Guardian.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/oct/30/fossilfuels-carbonemissions.
"The True Cost of Coal". Greenpeace.
http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/cost-of-coal.pdf..
"Carbon Capture and Storage". University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences.
http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/ccs/
Trouble in store - Carbon capture and storage, Mar 5th 2009, From The Economist print
edition Jaeschke, Ralph L. (1978).
Controlling Power Transmission Systems. Cleveland,
Siskind, Charles S. (1963). Electrical Control Systems in Industry. New York: McGraw-Hill, In
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A variable frequency drive system generally consists of an AC motor, a

• Insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and

"The Future of Coal". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://web.mit.edu/coal/

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