Hydro Power Plants and Thermal Power Plants

FLUID FLOW OPERATIONS
HYDRO POWER PLANT

&
THERMAL POWER PLANT
ABHISHEK KALE[02] - 12110256
PARAG BHADKE[12] - 12110710
RAJ BHAMARE [13] - 12110581
SOHAN BHOKARE[14] - 12110473
SUYASH BURFULE[16] - 12110107
GUIDE - Dr. MANIK DEOSARKAR

Hydro Power Plants
Hydropower plants are facilities that generate electricity by harnessing the energy of falling
water.
Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, is one of the oldest and

largest sources of renewable energy, which uses the natural flow
of moving water to generate electricity
Hydroelectric power comes from flowing water

like winter and spring runoff from mountain
streams and clear lakes
Hydroelectric power is important to our Nation
It's a form of energy a renewable resource.
.
How Hydropower Works
Components of Hydroelectric Power Plant
1. Head and tail race-Water level at the dam is called head race.Water level
at the downstream is called tail race.
2. Reservoir-It stores the water by natural body like river.
3. The dam-The dam is constructed to restrict the water flow from the
reservoir and create a water harness the energy present in it.
4. Spillway-It is a way for spillig of water from dams.
5. The penstock-It connects the reservoir with the turbine propeller.
6. Surge tank-It is tank that is connected to the penstock before the turbine.
7. The turbine -Kinetic energy of the running water turns the blades of the
turbine.
9.Power line-The power produced in the generator is sent to various
power distribution stations through power lines.
How Hydropower Works
Generating Power-
In nature, energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but its form can change.
To generate electricity, water must be in
motion.
The turbine turns the generator rotor.
When coils of wire on the rotor sweep past
the generator's stationary coil (stator),
electricity is produced.
Dams are needed.
Dams store water for later release for such
purposes as irrigation, domestic and
industrial use, and power generation.
How Power Is Computed
Power = (Head x Flow x Gravity x Efficiency) / 1000
The power output is typically measured in kilowatts (kW) or

megawatts (MW).
The head and flow rate are key factors in determining the power.
Efficiency is also an important factor to consider.
Transmitting Power-
Once the electricity is
produced, it must be
delivered to where it
is needed -- our
homes, schools,
offices, factories, etc.
Vast networks of
transmission lines
and facilities are
used
Advantages of Hydro Power Plants
It is renewable.
No gas emissions.
It is more reliable than solar and wind power.
Hydroelectric stations are cheaper.
Stores water.
Disadvantages
needs large land areas

change in water quality may Affects Plant life
The gestation period is very high.
land covered by water behind the dam remains un used
Future of Hydro Power Plant
Digitalization: The use of digital technologies in hydropower plants can help to
optimize their operation, reduce maintenance costs, and increase efficiency.
Upgrades and modernization: Many existing hydropower plants are aging and in need of

upgrades or replacement. Advances in technology can make hydropower plants more

efficient, flexible, and reliable.
Environmental concerns: Hydropower plants can have significant environmental impacts,

such as disrupting fish migration, altering river ecosystems, and contributing to greenhouse
gas emissions
Small-scale hydropower: Small-scale hydropower plants can be built on smaller rivers and
streams, and can provide electricity to remote communities that are not connected to the
grid.

Conclusion

In conclusion, hydro power plants generate electricity from the kinetic energy of
falling water.
They are a reliable and sustainable source of energy with many benefits, such as
low operating costs, long lifespan, and minimal emissions.
Hydro power plants also provide a range of environmental benefits, including

reduced greenhouse gas emissions and the potential to mitigate the impacts of
climate change.
Overall, hydro power plants play an important role in the global energy mix,
providing a renewable and reliable source of energy that can contribute to reducing
carbon emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change
Thermal Power Plants
What is Thermal Power Plant ?
Thermal power plants are power plants that convert heat energy into electrical energy.
fuel is burned in a boiler to produce heat ,that heat is used to generate steam which will pass through
a turbine, for the production of electricity.
Thermal power plants are the most common type of power plants in use today, as they are reliable and
efficient sources of electricity.
They are also relatively inexpensive to build and operate, making them an attractive option for many
countries.

Steam power plant basically works on the

Rankine cycle
it consist four process
1. Isentropic compression in pump

2. Constant pressure and heat addition in a boiler
3. Isentropic expansion in terbine
4. Constant pressure heat rejection in condenser
1-2.work is done on the

the system.
2-3.heat is given to the
system.
3-4.work is done by the
system.
4-1.heat is take out from
system.
efficiency of the cycle

n=total workdone/ heat input
deviation of rankine cycle is due
to the irreversibility in process
irreversibilty is due to
1. Fluid Friction
2. heat loss
COMPONENTS IN THERMAL
POWER PLANTS
Boiler: A boiler is a closed vessel where water is heated to produce steam. The steam produced is used
to rotate a turbine which in turn drives the electrical generator.
Turbine: A turbine is a machine that converts the energy of a moving fluid (steam in a thermal power
plant) into mechanical energy.
Generator: A generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The
turbine rotates the generator, and the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.
Condenser: A condenser is a device that removes the heat from the exhaust steam and converts it
back into water.
Cooling Tower: A cooling tower is a large device that cools down the water that has been used to
condense the exhaust steam.
Pump: A pump is used to circulate the water through the boiler and the condenser.
Chimney: A chimney is a tall structure that removes the exhaust gases from the boiler and releases
them into the atmosphere.
Control System: A control system is a set of instruments and devices that monitor and control the
operation of the various components of the thermal power plant.
Fuel Handling System: A fuel handling system is used to transport and store the fuel (coal, oil, or
gas) that is used to heat the water in the boiler.
Ash Handling System: An ash handling system is used to collect and dispose of the ash that is produced by
burning the fuel in the boiler.
WORKING
ADVANTAGES THERMAL POWER PLANT
Reliability.
Flexibility.
Fuel availability.
Energy security
Large scale production.
DISADVANTAGES OF THERMAL POWER PLANT
The volume of water requirement.

Use of fossil fuels.
Air and soil pollution.
High maintenance cost.
FUTURE SCOPE
Adoption of clean coal technologies: Thermal power plants can adopt clean
coal technologies such as coal gasification, fluidized bed combustion, and
integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) to reduce emissions and
increase efficiency.
Use of renewable energy sources: Thermal power plants can complement
their operations with renewable energy sources such as solar and wind
power.
COMPARISION BETWEEN HYDRO & THERMAL POWER PLANT
Hydro Power Plant Thermal Power Plant
A hydropower plant generates electricity by a thermal power plant generates electricity by burning
Source of
converting the kinetic energy of falling water into fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, or oil to produce steam,
Energy electrical energy. which drives a turbine to generate electricity.
Environm Thermal power plants, on the other hand, emit large

Hydropower plants are considered to be more amounts of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
ental
environmentally friendly than thermal power plants. oxides, and other harmful pollutants that contribute to
Impact air pollution and climate change.
Reliability Hydropower plants are generally more reliable and

Thermal power plants can be more flexible in terms of
consistent than thermal power plants. Hydropower
and fuel supply and can operate continuously, but they
plants rely on the natural flow of water, which is
Consisten more predictable and consistent than the availability
require more maintenance and are more prone to
breakdowns.
cy and quality of fuel for thermal power plants.
The cost of building and operating a hydropower Generally a thermal power plant have low cost of
Cost
plant is higher . equivalent capacity.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, both hydropower plants and thermal power plants

have their advantages and disadvantages.
Hydropower plants are more environmentally friendly and reliable,
but they can be costly to build and limited by water availability.
Thermal power plants are more flexible and scalable, but they have a
larger environmental impact and can be more expensive to operate.
The choice between the two depends on the availability of resources,
environmental factors, and energy demand.
REFERENCES
"Power Plant Engineering" by Derbal L F and Boston P G.
"Power Plant Engineering " by Samsher Gautam.
https://aits-tpt.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/PS1-Lecture-notes.pdf.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322568980_Energy_Analysis_of_Thermal_Power_Plant
World Energy Council. (2018). Hydropower in Switzerland. Retrieved date of January 15th , 2018,
from https://www.worldenergy.org/data/resources/country/switzerland/hydropower/

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FLUID FLOW OPERATIONS

HYDRO POWER PLANT

GUIDE - Dr. MANIK DEOSARKAR

Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, is one of the oldest and

Hydroelectric power comes from flowing water

Power = (Head x Flow x Gravity x Efficiency) / 1000

The power output is typically measured in kilowatts (kW) or

needs large land areas

upgrades or replacement. Advances in technology can make hydropower plants more

Environmental concerns: Hydropower plants can have significant environmental impacts,

Hydro power plants also provide a range of environmental benefits, including

Steam power plant basically works on the

1. Isentropic compression in pump

1-2.work is done on the

efficiency of the cycle

The volume of water requirement.

Hydro Power Plant Thermal Power Plant

Environm Thermal power plants, on the other hand, emit large

Reliability Hydropower plants are generally more reliable and

In conclusion, both hydropower plants and thermal power plants

"Power Plant Engineering " by Samsher Gautam.

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