UNIVERSITY INSITUTE OF

ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Bachelor of Engineering (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING)
Electrical Machine -1
Subject Code:ELT-203

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 • Basic definitions
• Concept of B-H loop
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT • Analogy between Electric and
Magnetic Circuits
• Applications
Course Outcome
CO Title Level
Number
CO1 Understand the concepts of magnetic circuit Understan
d
CO2 Analyze single phase and three phase Understand
transformers circuits

CO3 Understand the operation of dc machines. Understan

  d

CO4 Analyze the differences in operation of Understan

different dc machine configurations d

2
 Syllabus (Unit-1)
• Magnetic fields and magnetic circuits:
• Review of magnetic circuits - MMF, flux, reluctance, inductance; review of Ampere Law
and Biot Savart Law; Visualization of magnetic fields produced by a bar magnet and a
current carrying coil - through air and through a combination of iron and air; influence of
highly permeable materials on the magnetic flux lines.
• Electromagnetic force and torque:
• curve of magnetic materials; flux-linkage vs current characteristic of magnetic circuits;
linear and nonlinear magnetic circuits; energy stored in the magnetic circuit; force as a
partial derivative of stored energy with respect to position of a moving element; torque as
a partial derivative of stored energy with respect to angular position of a rotating
element. Examples - galvanometer coil, relay contact, lifting magnet, rotating element
with eccentricity or saliency

3
 Reference Books
 D. P. Kothari, I. J. Nagrath, “Electric Machines”, Third Edition, Tata
McGraw-Hill Education.
 Stephen Chapman, “Electric Machinery Fundamentals”, Fourth Edition,
Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
 P. C. Sen, “Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics”, Third
Edition, Wiley Global Education.
 M.G. Say, “The Performance and Design of Alternating Current Machines”,
CBS Publishers & Distributors.
 Fitzgerald, “Electric machinery”, Sixth Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill
Education
 P.S. Bhimbra, “Electrical Machinery”, Third Edition, Khanna Publishers.
4
 Weightage of Electrical Machines in Competitive Exams

• Gate 2020- 14 Marks (Average Last Ten Years)

• SSC Exams- 25-30 Marks (Average Last Ten Years)

• EES Exam- 20-25 Marks (Average Last Ten Years)

• Other State Level Competitive Exams -30-35) (Average Last Ten Years)
 CONTENTS

• Magnetic Circuit Definitions

• B-H Curves

• Analogy Between Electric and Magnetic Circuits

• Applications
7
Types of Electrical Machines

8
Magnetic Circuits
Magnetic Circuit Definitions

• Magnetomotive Force (MMF)

– The “driving force” that causes a magnetic field

– Symbol, F
– Definition, F = NI
– Units, Ampere-turns, (A-T)
Magnetic Circuit Definitions

• Magnetic Field Intensity

– mmf gradient, or mmf per unit length

– Symbol, H
– Definition, H = F/l = NI/l
– Units, (A-T/m)
Magnetic Circuit Definitions

• Flux Density

– The concentration of the lines of force in a

magnetic circuit
– Symbol, B
– Definition, B = Φ/A
– Units, (Wb/m2), or T (Tesla)
Magnetic Circuit Definitions

• Reluctance
– The measure of “opposition” the magnetic circuit
offers to the flux
– The analog of Resistance in an electrical circuit
– Symbol, R
– Definition, R = F/Φ
– Units, (A-t/Wb)
Magnetic Circuit Definitions

• Permeability

– Relates flux density and field intensity

– Symbol, μ
– Definition, μ = B/H
– Units, (Wb/A-T-m)
Magnetic Circuit Definitions

• Permeability of free space (air)

– Symbol, μ0

– μ0 = 4πx10-7 Wb/A-t-m
Magnetic Circuit Definitions

• Relative Permeability
– Compares permeability of material with the
permeability of free space (air)

– Symbol, μr

– μr = μ/μ0 Dimensionless
Concept of B-H Curves

17
 B-H Curves
B-H Curves for Sheet steel, Cast steel, and Cast Iron
Principal Sections of a B-H Curve
ANALOGY BETWEEN ELECTRIC AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

(a) Magnetic circuit equivalent and (b)

electric circuit analogy.

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ANALOGY BETWEEN ELECTRIC AND
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

21
Analogy between Magnetic Cicrcuits and
Electric Circuits

22
Types of Magnetic Circuits

23
Diamagnetic
Materials
 Properties
• No permanent dipoles are present so net magnetic moment is

zero.

• The number of orientations of electronic orbits is such that the

vector sum of the magnetic moments is zero.

• External field will cause a rotation action on the

individual electronic orbits.

• Dipoles are induced in the material in presence of

external magnetic field.

paramagnetic
Materials
 Properties
• If the orbital's are not completely filled or spins not balanced,
an overall small magnetic moment may exist.
• i.e. paramagnetism is because of orbital and spin
magnetic moments of the electron.
• Possess permanent dipoles.

• In the absence of external magnetic field all dipoles

are randomly oriented so net magnetic moment is zero.
• Spin alignment is random.

• The magnetic dipoles do not interact

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• With increase in temperature susceptibility decreases.

• Susceptibility is small and positive.

• These materials are used in lasers.

• Paramagnetic property of oxygen is used in NMR technique

for medical diagnose.
• The susceptibility range from 10-5 to 10-2.

• Examples: alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb), transition metals, Al,

Pt, Mn, Cr etc.

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30
31
Ferromagnetic
Materials

32
 Properties
• Origin for magnetism in Ferro mag. Materials are due to Spin
magnetic moment.
• Permanent dipoles are present so possess net
magnetic moment
• Material shows magnetic properties even in the absence
of external magnetic field.
• Possess spontaneous magnetization.

• Spontaneous magnetization is because of interaction between

dipoles called EXCHANGE COUPLING.

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• Magnetic susceptibility is as high as 106.

• So H << M. thus B = µoM

Ferromagnetic
Magnetic inductioBn (tesla)

Strength of applied magnetic field

(ampere-turns/m)
(H)

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• When placed in external mag. field it strongly attracts magnetic
lines of force.
• All spins are aligned parallel & in same direction.

• Susceptibility is large and positive, it is given by Curie Weiss Law

• C is Curie constant & θ is Curie temperature.

• When temp is greater than curie temp then the material

gets converted in to paramagnetic.
• They possess the property of HYSTERESIS.

• Material gets divided into small regions called domains.

• Examples: Fe, Co, Ni.

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 Curie Temperature

 The temperature above (Tc) which ferromagnetic material become

paramagnetic.

 Below the Curie temperature, the ferromagnetic is ordered

and above it, disordered.

 Thesaturation magnetization goes to zero at the

Curie temperature.

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Antiferro magnetic
Material

37
 Properties
• The spin alignment is in antiparallel manner.
• So net magnetic moment is zero.
• Susceptibility depends on temperature.
 C
• Susceptibility is small and positive.  m T  TN
• Initially susceptibility increases with increase
temperature
in and beyond Neel temperature
the susceptibility decreases with temperature.
• At Neel temperature susceptibility is maximum.
• Examples: FeO, MnO, Cr2O3 and salts of
transition elements.

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39
Ferrimagnetic
Materials

40
 Classification of Ferrimagnetic
Materials
Ferrimagnetic
Materials

Hexagonal
Cubic Ferrites Garnets
Ferrites
MeFe2O4 AB12O19 M3Fe5O12

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 Properties
• Special type of ferro and antiferromagnetic material.
• Generally oxides in nature.
• Ionic in nature
• Ceramic in nature so high resistivity (insulators)
• The spin alignment is but different
antiparallel magnitude.
• So they possess net magnetic moment.
• Also called ferrites.
• General form MFe2O4
• Susceptibility is very large and
positive.
• Examples: ferrous ferrite, nickle 42
remanent magnetization = M0

67
 Hysteresis
Loop
Magnetization by
domain rotation
Domain growth irreversible
boundary displacements. • Means lagging or retarding of an
effect behind the cause of the effect.
• Here effect is B & cause of the effect
is H.
• Also called B H curve.
• Hysteresis in magnetic materials
means lagging of magnetic
induction (B) or
magnetization (M) behind the
magnetizing field (H).

Domain growth reversible

boundary displacements.
44
Hysteresis, Remanence, & Coercivity of
Ferromagnetic Materials

45
“hard” ferromagnetic material “soft” ferromagnetic material
has a large M0 and large Hc. has both a small M0 and Hc.
46
 Hard versus Soft
Magnets
Soft Magnets:
Characteristics of soft magnetic materials:
 High initial permeability.
 Low coercivity.
 Reaches to saturation magnetization with a
relatively low applied magnetic field.
 It can be easily magnetized and
demagnetized.
 Low Hysteresis loss.
 Applications involve, generators, motors, dynamos,
Cores of transformers and switching circuits.
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Importance of Soft Magnetic Materials:

 Saturation magnetization can be changed by altering composition

of the materials.
Ex:- substitution of Ni2+ in place of Fe2+ changes saturation
magnetization of ferrous-Ferrite.

Susceptibility and coercivity which also influence the shape of the

Hysteresis curve are sensitive to the structural variables rather than
composition.

Low value of coercivity corresponds to the easy movement of

domain walls as magnetic field changes magnitude and/ or direction.

Confidential 48
 Hard versus Soft
Magnets
Hard Magnets:
Characteristics of Hard magnetic materials:
 Low initial permeability.
 High coercivity and High remanence.
 High saturation flux density.
 Reaches to saturation magnetization with a
high applied magnetic field.
 It can not be easily magnetized and
demagnetized.
 High Hysteresis loss.
 Used as permanent magnets.
Importance of Hard magnetic material:
 Two important characteristics related to applications of these materials are
(i) Coercivity and (ii) energy product expressed as (BH)max with units in
kJ/m3.
 This corresponds to the area of largest B-H rectangle that can
constructed
be within the second quadrant of the Hysteresis curve.
 Larger the value of energy product harder is the material in terms of its
magnetic characteristics.

Schematic magnetization curve that displays hysteresis. Within

the second quadrant are drawn two B–H energy product
rectangles; the area of that rectangle labeled (BH)max is the
largest possible, which is greater than the area defined by Bd–
Hd
Who to get larger area of (BH)max i.e., who to produce Hard magnets?
Energy product represents the amount of energy required to demagnetize a
permanent magnet.
 Hysteresis behaviour depends upon the movement of domain walls.
The movement of domain walls depends on the final microstructure.
Ex: the size, shape and orientation of crystal domains and impurities.
 Microstructure will depend upon how the material is processed.
In a hard magnetic material, impurities are purposely introduced, to make
it hard. Due to these impurities domain walls cannot move easily.
 Finally the coercivity can increase and susceptibility can be decrease.
So large external field is required to demagnetization i.e., difficult to move
the domain walls.
 Hard Magnetic Material Soft Magnetic Material
Have large hysteresis loss. Have low hysteresis loss.
Domain wall moment is difficult Domain wall moment is relatively
easier.
Coercivity & Retentivity are large. Coercivity & Retentivity are small.
Cannot be easily magnetized & Can be easily magnetized &
demagnetized demagnetized.
Magneto static energy is large. Magneto static energy is small.
Have small values of permeability Have large values of susceptibility
and susceptibility and permeability.
Used to make permanent magnets. Used to make electromagnets.
Iron-nickel-aluminum alloys, Iron- silicon alloys, ferrous- nickel
copper-nickle-iron alloys, copper– alloys, ferrites, garnets.
nickel– cobalt alloys
Baskar, Naren & G.Srinivas
Applications
of
Magnet
ic
Materia
ls
53
 MAGNETIC STORAGE
• Information is stored by magnetizing material.
• Head can...
--apply magnetic field H &
align domains (i.e.,
magnetize the medium).
--detect a change in the
magnetization of the
medium.

• Two media types:

Simulation of hard drive courtesy

Martin Chen.
Reprinted with permission
from International Business
Machines Corporation.

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Magnetic hard drives

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©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

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Confidential 86
AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW

Ampere’s Circuital Law states that the line integral of H about any
closed path is exactly equal to the direct current enclosed by that
path.

In the figure at right, the integral of H about closed paths a and b gives
the total current I, while the integral over path c gives only that portion
of the current that lies within c
AMPERE’S LAW APPLIED TO A LONG WIRE


Symmetry suggests that H will be circular, constant-valued at
constant radius, and centered on the current (z) axis.

Choosing path a, and integrating H around the

circle of radius  gives the enclosed current, I:

so that
as before.
Biot-Savart Law
Biot-Savart Law

•The Biot-Savart Law calculates the vector magnetic field dB due to

an infinitesimal length of current. The total vector field B can be found
by integrating over the total length of all currents:
Total Magnetic Field

•To find the total field, sum up (integrate over) the contributions
from all the current elements I

 μ I ds  ˆr
B o
4π  r 2

•The integral is over the entire current distribution.

Example: B Due to Current I in Straight Wire.

•For the magnetic field near a long straight wire\ carrying a current
I, show that the Biot-Savart Law gives the same magnetic field as
Ampère’s Law:
Magnetic Field for a Long, Straight Conductor

•Find the magnetic field contribution from

a small element of current, then integrate
over the current distribution.
•The thin, straight wire is carrying a
constant current:

ds ˆr   dx sin θ  k
ˆ

•Integrating over all current elements gives:

μo I θ2
B
4πa 1θ
cos θ dθ

μ I
 o  sin θ1  sin θ2 
4πa
Magnetic Field for a Long, Straight Conductor,
Special Case

•If the conductor is an infinitely

long, straight wire,

q1 = (½)p & q2 = - (½)p

•The field becomes:

μo I
B
2πa
Example: Current Loop

•Calculate B for points on the axis of a circular loop of wire of

radius R carrying a current I.
Example: B Due to a Wire Segment.

•One quarter of a circular loop of wire

carries a current I.

•The current I enters & leaves on straight

segments of wire, as shown; the straight
wires are along the radial direction from
the center C of the circular portion.

•Calculate the magnetic field at point C.

Magnetic Field for a Curved Wire Segment

•Find the field at point O due to the

wire segment.
•Integrate, remembering that I & R
are constants.

μo I
B θ
4πa
q is in radians
Magnetic Field for a Circular Loop of Wire

•Consider the previous result, with a full circle: θ = 2π:

μo I μo I μo I
B θ 2π 
4πa 4πa 2a
This is the field at the center of the loop.
Magnetic Field for a Circular Current Loop

•The loop has radius R & carries a steady current I.

•Find the field at point P:

μo I a 2
Bx 
 
3
2 a2  x 2 2
Comparison of Loops

•Consider the field at the center of the current loop.

At this special point, x = 0. Then,

2
μo I a μo I
Bx  
 
3
2 a x
2 2 2 2a

•This is exactly the same B as from the curved wire.

Magnetic Field Lines for a Loop

•Figure (a) shows the magnetic field lines surrounding a current

loop.
•Figure (b) compares the field lines to that of a bar magnet.
•Notice the similarities in the patterns.
Magnetic Flux
•The magnetic flux associated with a
magnetic field is defined in a way similar to
electric flux.
•Consider an area element dA on an
arbitrarily shaped surface.
•The magnetic field in this element is B.
•dA is a vector perpendicular to the
surface and has a magnitude equal to the
area dA.
•The magnetic flux ΦB is
 
•The unit of magnetic flux is
T.m2 = Wb (weber).  B   B  dA
Gauss’ Law in Magnetism

• Magnetic fields do not begin or end at any point.

• Magnetic field lines are continuous and form closed loops.
• The number of lines entering a surface equals the number of lines leaving the
surface.
• Gauss’ law in magnetism says the magnetic flux through any closed surface is
always zero:
 
 B  dA  0
• This indicates that isolated magnetic poles (monopoles) have never been detected.
• Perhaps they do not exist
• Certain theories do suggest the possible existence of magnetic monopoles.
Magnetic Moments

•In general, any current loop has a magnetic field and thus has a
magnetic dipole moment.
•This includes atomic-level current loops described in some models of
the atom.
•This will help explain why some materials exhibit strong magnetic
properties.
Magnetic Moments – Classical Atom

•The electrons move in circular orbits.

•The orbiting electron constitutes a tiny current
loop.
•The magnetic moment of the electron is associated
with this orbital motion.

• L is the angular momentum.

•  is magnetic moment.
Electron Spin

•Electrons (and other particles) have an intrinsic property called spin

that also contributes to their magnetic moment.
• The electron is not physically spinning.
• It has an intrinsic angular momentum as if it were spinning.
• Spin angular momentum is actually a relativistic effect
Electron Spin, cont.

•The classical model of electron spin is the

electron spinning on its axis.
•The magnitude of the spin angular momentum
is
3
S 
2

•  is Planck’s constant.
Electron Spin and Magnetic Moment

•The magnetic moment characteristically associated with the spin of an

electron has the value
e
μspin 
2me

•This combination of constants is called the Bohr magneton mB = 9.27

x 10-24 J/T.
 Electron Magnetic Moment, final

• The total magnetic moment of an atom is

the vector sum of the orbital and spin
magnetic moments.
• Some examples are given in the table at
right.
• The magnetic moment of a proton or
neutron is much smaller than that of an
electron and can usually be neglected.
REFERENCES
1. ELECTRICAL ,MACHINES BY PS BHIMBHRA
2. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108101039/Module-1/Lec-1/Sec-1.1/1.1_6.html
3. http://engineering.nyu.edu/mechatronics/Control_Lab/Criag/Craig_RPI/SenActinMecha/EM_Motion_Fundamentals_2.pdf
4. https://india.oup.com/productPage/5591038/7421214/9780199472635
5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/magnetic-circuits

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THANK YOU

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