PROPER EXCRETA AND

SEWAGE DISPOSAL

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Presidential Decree. 856- Code of Sanitation

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Factors Affecting Excreta Disposal Facility &
Water Supply Source
• Quality and quantity of waste material.
• Location of excreta disposal facility in relation to
underground water supply source.
• Soil conditions extending to the water bearing
strata.

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Criteria of a Good Disposal Facility
1. Simple, easy to construct with local
materials & cheap.
2. Easy to maintain.
3. Able to afford adequate protection &
privacy.
4. Acceptable to the users.

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Excreta Disposal: Classification
A. Excreta Disposal Facility Without Water Carriage
1. Cat-hole
2. Straddle trench latrine
3. Sanitary pit privy
• Pit type
• Antipolo
• Vault type
• Bored-hole latrine
5. Water sealed latrine or “pour-flash” or hand-
flushed
latrine
6. Chemical toilet
7. Pail system
8. Overhung latrine

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 Excreta Disposal:
Classification
B. Excreta Disposal Facility With Water
Carriage
1. Septic toilet
2. Septic tank
3. Complete sewage treatment & disposal
plants
4. Oxidation ponds or lagoons

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Without Water Carriage :

CATHOLE
• Simplest method of disposing human excreta
• Small hole excavated in the soil
• The minimum method that should be provided when an
individual needs to defecate in out-of-the-way places
where no regular excreta disposal facility is available

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CATHOLE

• Should be located 200 ft

(80 adult steps) from water
source
• Select a site where sun
exposure is maximized

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Straddle Trench Latrines

• A trench dug about 20-30cm &

15cm wide, enough to permit use
by straddling or squatting

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Sanitary Pit Privy
• Pit type
Pit dug to a depth of 4 to 6 ft about
50 cu. Ft. For a family
• Antipolo type
Superstructure is constructed to
provide the necessary privacy &
protection from the rain & sun
• Vault type
Provided with a small watertight
vault to receive the waste.

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Sanitary Pit Privy

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Water-Sealed Latrine

• A pit privy modified to include a relatively

simple bowl made of concrete other
durable material
• The lower portion of the bowl is a P or s-
shaped trap, which forms a water seal
when water is added

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Water-sealed Latrine

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Water-Sealed Latrine: Advantages

1.If properly operated & maintained, this satisfies all sanitary &
aesthetic criteria of satisfactory excreta disposal facility.
2.Relatively simple to build & it is cheap for use in the rural.
3.Can be installed near or inside the dwelling.
4.It minimizes contact flies, other insects & rodents.
5.The odor nuisance is kept to a minimum.
6.It is entirely safe for children.

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Water-Sealed Latrine: Disadvantages
1.It can be used only where water is obtainable throughout the year.
2.It cannot be used in freezing climates.
3.It is not readily applicable in areas with impermeable soils.
4.It requires a period of intensive education in its proper use and
maintenance.
5.It costs slightly more than ordinary pit privies, but less than aqua privies.

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Chemical Toilets

• Liquefaction of organic matter by the use

of caustic chemicals instead of depending
upon bacterial activity

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Chemical Toilets
• A tank is used, usually 500 gallons in capacity, made of steel &
capable of withstanding corrosion & provided with an agitating device
to break up solid matter.
• 25 pounds of caustic soda in 10 to 15 gallons of water is normally
used for each toilet seat & can last from 6 to 9 months.

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Chemical Toilets: Advantages
1.Its location is independent of underground conditions.
2.The danger of access by flies is reduced to nil.
3.It is suitable for such conveyances as aircraft, trains, boats & other
vehicles.
4.The disposition of the contents is facilitated through the liquefaction
of the solid matter.
5.The caustic chemicals commonly used, sterilize as well as liquefy.
6.It is suited to inside installations.

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 Chemical Toilets: Disadvantages

1.Higher initial cost than any other type of privy.

2.Higher maintenance cost.
3.Systematic supervision & maintenance are required otherwise poor
operation will result in bad odors.

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 Pail System
• Also known as box & can privy, conservancy system, & bucket
latrine.
• Provision of a watertight receptacle in a fly tight compartment for
the accumulation & storage of fecal material for short periods.

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 Overhung Latrine

• Latrine built on top

of wooden piles
above the water and
connected to the
main building by a
catwalk or bridge.

• A small room in the

house with an
opening on the floor
serves as overhung
latrine.
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Overhung Latrines: Disadvantages
• The relatively long survival rates of some pathogenic organisms .
• The tendency of children to play in these shallow waters under the
houses.
• Pollution of waterway thereby affecting downstream water users.

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 WITH WATER CARRIAGE:
Septic Privy

• Also called aqua privy

• A latrine constructed directly
above a septic tank
• A drop pipe from the latrine
floor extending into the
water surface for at least 4
inches conveys the waste
material into the tank to
provide an odor seal
• Undergoes anaerobic
digestion

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 Septic Tank System

• Designed to collect and treat

toilet wastewater.
• Disease producing bacteria &
eggs of certain intestinal
parasites in raw sewage are
not usually destroyed in the
septic tank.
• After one to three days the
liquid wastes leave the tank
and are carried to secondary
treatment system
• Treatment process given to
the effluent is called the “
secondary treatment”
(aerobic bacteria in the soil
stabilize further the organic
matter in the effluent). 25
 Septic Tank System

Secondary Treatment of Effluent

1. Settlement – heavy solids when settled
to the base forms sludge
2. Flotation – grease and oil float to form a
layer called scum
3. Sludge digestion – sludge and scum converted by
bacteria to liquid and gas
4. Stabilization – liquid portion undergo natural
purification

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Septic Tank System

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Presidential Decree 856- Code of Sanitation

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 Sewage Oxidation Ponds

• Is an excavation designed to receive raw or pretreated domestic

sewage or some organic industrial wastes, in w/c stabilization is
accomplished by physical, chemical & biological processes
commonly referred to as natural self purification.

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 Sewerage & Sewage Treatment

Sewerage
• Represent a comprehensive means for the collection,
transportation, treatment and final disposal of human excreta &
other wastes with water carriage.

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 Sewage Treatment

• High biological oxygen demand (BOD)

indicates the presence of excess amounts of organic carbon
• The higher the BOD of a source of wastes the higher is the polluting
power of that wastes

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Type of Waste BOD(mg/L)

Domestic Sewage 200-600

Slaughterhouse Wastes 1,000-4,000

Cattle Shed Effluents 20,000

Vegetable Processing 200-5,000

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 Sewage Treatment Processes

• Primary
1. Includes: screening, comminution, grit or sand removal,
sedimentation of suspended matter, anaerobic sludge
digestion & sludge drying.
2. Represents physical, sometimes chemical and biological
processes for the removal of floating & settleable matter

• Secondary
1. Use of trickling filters and or activated sludge, &
secondary settling
2. Rely principally upon biological process for the removal
of colloidal and dissolved solids.

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Secondary Treatment: Trickling
Filters

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Secondary Treatment: Aeration Basin

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Secondary Treatment:
Anaerobic Sludge Digestor

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• Tertiary
1. Main purpose is to remove further certain dissolved
substances in sewage which can serve as excellent food
for certain organisms
2. Chlorination

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Sewage Treatment Plant

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Refuse
• A general term applied to solid and semi-solid
waste materials other than human excreta.
• Includes: garbage, rubbish, ashes, street sweeping,
dead animals, night soil & yard cuttings.

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Refuse Storage , Collection & Disposal
• Principal public health reasons for the proper disposal of refuse:
1. Domestic refuse - bacterial decomposition
2. Town refuse do not contribute to well-being of the citizen.
3. Many indirect carriers (rats, flies etc.) prefer refuse as their
habitat.
4. Contamination & pollution of ground and surface waters.
5. Uncontrolled disposal of refuse depreciates the recreational
values of the region.

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 House Storage

• Small enough to be easily carried when filled with waste.

• Sufficient in number to store all the waste material produced
between collection times.
• Provided with tight-fitting covers so that flies & rats can not get in.
• Wood and metal are satisfactory materials for containers. For
waste papers, wire baskets are satisfactory.
• Not too tall such that it overturns easily.
• The container be placed on an elevated flatform.

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 The Garchey System

• The garbage is disintegrated by a garbage grinder fitted to the kitchen

sink.
• The waste is collected by a separate pipe system in a collection
chamber where the solids are separated from the carrying water.
• The supernatant is disposed of into the sewerage system and the wet
solids are collected by a tanker and hauled for disposal.

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 Refuse Collection
Two Procedures:
1. Pick-up or gathering of refuse from
houses, institutions & establishments.
2. Transportation of the collected refuse
to the final disposal site.

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Some Points To Consider In Refuse
Collection

• Necessary for good sanitation.

• Problem of storage & foul odors for the
homeowner.
• It is necessary to cover the refuse in the
vehicles during transportation to final
disposal sites.
• Adequate and properly maintained
collection carts, trucks or other vehicles.
• Final disposal route should be as direct as
possible from the point of origin.
• Collection must preferably be done at
night.

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Refuse Disposal
• Home Refuse Disposal Methods:
1.Burial - refuse is deposited in pits and
covered
with soil.
2.Burning - open burning on the ground and
sometimes simple incinerators are
used.
3.Feeding to animals
4.Composting - involves the deposition of
garbage, leaves and animal manure into a pit
and covered with soil, about two to three
feet thick.
5.Grinding & disposal to sewer - commercially
available garbage-grinders are attached to
kitchen sink.
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Community Refuse Disposal Methods

1.Dumping on land - most frequently

used
2.Sanitary landfill - also known as the “cut
and cover”
3.Incineration - very appropriate for
hospitals.
4.Composting - there are two basic methods:
• Aerobic - air is supplied into the refuse
material either by frequent turning & mixing
or by actual use of mechanical air pumps
• Anaerobic - done by burying organic
material & is subsequently covered with soil.

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4.Composting - there are two basic methods:
• Aerobic - air is supplied into the refuse
material either by frequent turning & mixing
or by actual use of mechanical air pumps
• Anaerobic - done by burying organic material
& is subsequently covered with soil.

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