Applied Thermodynamics

(M3H324915)
Programme : CAME Level 3

Module Leader :
Dr. Dinesh Keloth Kaithari and Dr.M.Achuthan

Laboratory Assigned: Thermal laboratory (CRI 012)

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

 Programme Level and Pre Requisite
Module Code Module Title Credits
Name Semester Knowledge
BEng Applied Level 3
M3H324915 10 Thermo Fluids
CAME Thermodynamics Sem. A

Aims and Objectives

The course has the intention to make the student familiar with basic concepts used in thermal science,
including energy transfer systems, evaluation of performances, conservation of energy.

Syllabus
Reciprocating IC engines: Introduction; an overview of reciprocating engines; otto cycle – the ideal
cycle for SI engines; diesel cycle – the ideal cycle for ci engines; criteria of performance, performance
characteristics.
Gas turbines: Introduction; the practical gas turbine cycle; thermal efficiency; work ratio; multi-stage
expansion; modifications to the basic cycle; (a) intercooling; (b) reheat; (c) heat exchanger;
Reciprocating air-compressor: introduction; reciprocating air-compressor; conditions for minimum
work; isothermal efficiency; reciprocating compressor with clearance volume; volumetric efficiency;
multistage compression with intercooling.
Vapor power plant: Introduction; the rankine cycle & efficiencies; specific steam consumption; rankine
cycle with superheat; the enthalpy-entropy (h-s) diagram.
Refrigeration: Introduction; 4-2 reversed heat engine cycle; coefficient of performance (cop); reversed
carnot cycle; vapor- compression refrigeration cycles; use of throttle valve; condition at compressor inlet;
the pressure-enthalpy (p-h) diagram.
Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)
Assessment Strategy
This module is assessed by Continuous Assessments and final examination.

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

Learning Outcomes
On completion of this module the student should be able to:
1. Understand and apply the fundamental principles of thermodynamics support
understanding of various energy conversion systems;
2. Understand and apply the working relationships involved in the behavior and
performance of power and refrigeration cycles;
3. Analyze and solve problems associated with compressors and turbines and
gas turbine cycles;
4. Analyze and solve problems associated with internal combustion engines;

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

Learning And Teaching Strategy
 The lectures will be used to convey the concepts of the principles covered. The
lecture material will be reinforced and consolidated through laboratory sessions.
 The practical sessions will be used to convey the concepts of the principles
covered, with suitable laboratory experiments on fluid static and dynamic flow
systems.
 Private study will be used to reinforce material delivered on relevant topics.
Independent learning will be encouraged to satisfy the student’s particular
interests.
 Weekly schedule provides useful links to reference books, web links and ebrary
textbooks relevant to the topics to be discussed in the class.
 Students should develop the habit of referring to relevant books for more
detailed information.

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

Learning and Teaching expectations
Teaching Tasks / Topics and Description Learning Expectation
Introduction to module and the First law of Learner should understand
Thermodynamics 1. In Module Induction details about the module
(i) Learning outcomes of the module;(ii) Syllabus; (iii) Assessment
strategy ; (iv)Teaching strategy
1. Thermodynamic first Law;
2. Non flow equation;
3. The steady flow equation.
The Heat Engine Cycles Learner should understand and apply
1. The Carnot cycle;
2. The Constant pressure cycle;
3. The air standard cycle;
4. The Otto Cycle;
5. The Diesel Cycle.
Reciprocating IC Engines Learner should understand and apply
1. An Over view of Reciprocating Engines;
2. Four stoke cycle;
3. Two Stroke cycle;
4. Criteria for performance;
5. Performance characteristics.

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

Gas Turbines Learner should understand and apply
1. The practical gas turbine cycle;
2. Thermal Efficiency;
3. Work ratio;
4. Multi – Stage expansion;
5. Modification to the basic cycle (i) Intercooling; (ii) Reheat; (iii) Heat Exchanger.
Reciprocating Air-Compressor Learner should understand
1. Reciprocating Air- Compressor;
2. The Conditions for Minimum Work;
3. Isothermal Efficiency;
4. Reciprocating Compressor with Clearance Volume;
5. The Volumetric Efficiency;
6. Multistage Compression with Intercooling.
Vapor Power Plant Learner should understand
1. The Rankine Cycle & Efficiencies;
2. Specific Steam Consumption;
3. Rankine Cycle with Superheat;
4. The Enthalpy-Entropy (h-s) diagram.
Refrigeration Learner should understand
1. 4-2 Reversed Heat Engine Cycle;
2. Coefficient of Performance (COP);
3. Reversed Carnot Cycle;
4. Vapor- Compression Refrigeration Cycles;
5. Use of Throttle Valve;
6. Condition at Compressor Inlet;
7. The Pressure-Enthalpy (p-h) Diagram.

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

 Weekly Teaching Schedule (FT)

Date of
Week commencement of Topics of Lecture References Ebrary Remarks
No. week

Introduction to module & Reversible and Irreversible E1,E3,E9,

1 13-September-2020 processes R1, R2 &L1  
E5
The Heat Engine Cycles (The Carnot cycle;
2 20-September-2020 The Constant pressure cycle; The air standard cycle) R2, R3 & L2 E1, E6,E7 Lab Exp.1

Reciprocating IC Engines: The Otto Cycle & The

3 27-September-2020 Diesel Cycle. R2& R3 E1, E6,E7 Lab Exp.2

Reciprocating IC Engines: The Otto Cycle & The

4 04-October-2020 Diesel Cycle. R3, R4 & L1 E2, E9 Lab Exp.3

5 11-October-2020 Gas Turbines (Thermal Efficiency & Work ratio) R3, R4 & L1 E2, E9 E-Learning
Multi – Stage expansion;
6 18-October-2020 Modification to the basic cycle R4& R6 E3,E6,E5  

Reciprocating Air-Compressor – Single stage,

7 25-October-2020 without clearance R4& R6 E3,E6,E5 Lab Exp.4

  Mid Term Assessment

Reciprocating Air-Compressor – Single stage, with

8 08-November-2020 R4 & E2, E4 Lab Exp.5
clearance
9 15-November-2020 Multistage Compression with Intercooling R5 & R6 E10, E9 Lab Exp.6
Vapor Power Plant : Rankine Cycle with Superheat,
10 22-November-2020 R5 & R6 E10, E9  
the Enthalpy-Entropy (h-s) diagram
Vapor Power Plant : Rankine Cycle with Superheat, Lab report
11 29-November-2020 R6 E4, E8,E8
the Enthalpy-Entropy (h-s) diagram submission
Refrigeration: Vapor- Compression Refrigeration
12 06-December-2020 R1, R6 E2,E1,E10  
Cycles, Pressure-Enthalpy (p-h) Diagram
 
Refrigeration: Vapor- Compression Refrigeration
13 13-December-2020 R1, R6 E2,E1,E10
Cycles, Pressure-Enthalpy (p-h) Diagram, Revision

14 20-December-2020 Module revision      

15 27-December-2020 End Term Assessment week

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

 Weekly Teaching Schedule (PT)

Week No. Date of commencement of week Topics of Lecture References Ebrary Remarks

Theory Session: Introduction to module & Reversible and Irreversible

1 13-September-2020 processes, Heat Engine Cycles - The Carnot cycle; R1, R2 &L1 E1,E3,E9, E5  

Theory Session: The Heat Engine Cycles - The Constant pressure

2 20-September-2020 cycle; The air standard cycle, The Otto Cycle & The Diesel Cycle. R2, R3 & L2 E1, E6,E7  

3 27-September-2020 Theory Session: Reciprocating IC Engines. R2& R3 E1, E6,E7  

Laboratory session: Exp.1 & 2 - Load test on 4-stroke,4-cylinder petrol
4 04-October-2020 engine And Heat Balance Test On 4-Stroke, Multi Cylinder Petrol R3, R4 & L1 E2, E9 Lab Exp.1 &2
Engine Test Rig

Date of commencement of
Week No. Topics of Lecture References Ebrary Remarks
week

Laboratory session: Exp.3 & 4 - Morse Test On 4 -Stroke, Multi

Cylinder Petrol Engine Test Rig And Heat Balance Test On 4-Stroke,
5 11-October-2020 R3, R4 & L1 E2, E9 Lab Exp.3 & 4
Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Test Rig

Theory Session: Gas Turbines (Thermal Efficiency & Work ratio), Multi
6 18-October-2020 R4& R6 E3,E6,E5  
– Stage expansion
Reciprocating Air-Compressor – Single stage, without clearance
7 25-October-2020 R4& R6 E3,E6,E5  

  Mid Term Assessment

Reciprocating Air-Compressor – Single stage, with clearance,
8 08-November-2020 R4 E2, E4 E-Learning
Multistage Compression with Intercooling

9 15-November-2020 Laboratory session: Exp.5 - Trial On Centrifugal Blower Test Rig And R5, R6 E10, E9 Lab Exp.5

Laboratory session: Exp.6 - Performance Test on Air conditioning Test

10 22-November-2020 R5, R6 E10, E9 Lab Exp.6
rig

Theory Session: Vapor Power Plant: The Enthalpy-Entropy (h-s) Class, Lab report
11 29-November-2020 R6 E4, E8,E8 submission
diagram

Theory Session: Refrigeration: Vapor- Compression Refrigeration

12 06-December-2020 R1, R6 E2,E1,E10  
Cycles, Pressure-Enthalpy (p-h) Diagram
 
Theory Session: Refrigeration: Vapor- Compression Refrigeration
13 13-December-2020 R1, R6 E2,E1,E10
Cycles, Pressure-Enthalpy (p-h) Diagram, examples
 
14 20-December-2020 Module revision    
15 27-December-2020 End Term Assessment week
Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)
Basics of Thermodynamics

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

Thermodynamic System
A thermodynamic system is a quantity of matter of fixed identity, around which we
can draw a boundary. The boundaries may be fixed or moveable. Work or heat can
be transferred across the system boundary. Everything outside the boundary is
the surroundings.

When working with devices such as engines it is often useful to define the system to
be an identifiable volume with flow in and out. This is termed a control volume.
This system is also known as open system.

A closed system is a special class of system with boundaries that matter cannot
cross. Hence the principle of the conservation of mass is automatically satisfied
whenever we employ a closed system analysis. This type of system is sometimes
termed a control mass.

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

State of a System
The thermodynamic state of a system is defined by specifying values of a set of
measurable properties sufficient to determine all other properties.

For fluid systems, typical properties are pressure, volume and temperature.

Extensive or Intensive Properties.

Extensive properties are additive. Thus, if the system is divided into a number of sub-
systems, the value of the property for the whole system is equal to the sum of the
values for the parts. Or the property which dependent on the quantity of the matter
present.
Volume is an extensive property.

Intensive properties do not depend on the quantity of matter present. 

Temperature and pressure are intensive properties.

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

Thermodynamic Equilibrium

The state of a system in which properties have definite, unchanged values as long
as external conditions are unchanged is called an equilibrium state.

[Mechanical Equilibrium]  [Thermal Equilibrium] 

A system in thermodynamic equilibrium satisfies:

1. Mechanical equilibrium (no unbalanced forces)

2. Thermal equilibrium (no temperature differences)
3. Chemical equilibrium.

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

Thermodynamic Process

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)
Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)
Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)
Thermodynamic Process
• Thermodynamic process is a way of changing one or more of the properties in a
system resulting in a change of the state of the system.
• When a system undergoes a succession of changes in its states, its that it has
undergone a process.
• The following figure summarizes some of the more common processes

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal
ΔT = 0 but Q ≠ 0

Cyclic
Adiabatic If clockwise – heat engine
ΔT ≠ 0 but Q = 0 If counterclockwise – heat pump
Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)
Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)
Thermodynamic Cycles

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

 Thermodynamic Cycles
• When a system undergoes a series of processes
and finally returns to initial state, its said that the
system has undergone a thermodynamic cycle.

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)
 Ideal Cycle
Carnot Theorem – Carnot cycle
No engine operating between two heat reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot
engine operating between those same reservoirs.

Pressure-Volume Temperature - Entropy

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

 Real Cycles
• There are no ideal cycles.
• Irreversibility – heat transfer, friction makes
the process irreversible by increasing the
entropy during the process.

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

 Types of cycles
• Power producing cycles
– Air standard cycles
• IC Engines cycles
– Otto cycle
– Diesel cycle
– Dual cycle
• Brayton cycle
– Vapor power cycle: Rankine cycle
• Power absorbing cycles
• Vapor compression cycle: Refrigeration and air-conditioning

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

 Heat Engine
• Converts thermal energy (heat) to mechanical output (work)
• The working fluids are gases and liquids.
• Phase change cycles
– The engine converts the working fluid from a gas to a liquid.
• Rankine
• Regenerative
• Gas cycles
– The working fluid is always gas
• Carnot
• Stirling
• IC engine cycles

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

 Heat Pump and Refrigerator
• Refrigerator is device which takes
in work and transfer heat from
the cold reservoir to hot
reservoir. It has aim to maintain
the temperature of cold reservoir
(Tc).
• Heat pump works similar to
refrigerator with a difference
that it aims to maintain the
temperature of hot reservoir (Th).
• Refrigeration cycle – Vapor
compression cycle

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

1. A heat engine takes in 900 J of heat from a high temperature reservoir and produces 300
J of work in each cycle. What is its efficiency?
Efficiency = W / Q
Efficiency = 300 J / 900 J = 0.33 x 100 = 33%

2. An engine that has an efficiency of 25% takes in 200 J of heat during each cycle. Calculate
the amount of work this engine performs.
Efficiency = W / Q
W = Efficiency x Q
W = 0.25 (200 J) = 50 J

3. Calculate the efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between temperatures of 400 o C and
100o C.
Efficiency = (TH - TL) / TH
This calculation requires that we use absolute temperature in Kelvin, so we must first
convert the Celsius temperatures to Kelvin by adding 273.2 to each. Thus TH = 673.2 K
and TL = 373.2 K
Efficiency = (673.2 - 373.2 K) x 100 / 673.2 = 44.6 %

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

4. Carnot engine operates with efficiency of 40 %. How much must the temperature of the
hot reservoir increase, so that the efficiency increases to 50 %? The temperature of the cold
reservoir remains at 9°C.
Case (i):
Efficiency = (TH1 - TL) / TH1
TL = 273 + 9 = 282 K
0.4 = (TH1 - TL) / TH1
TH1 = 470 K

Case (ii):
Efficiency = (TH2 - TL) / TH2
TL = 273 + 9 = 282 K
0.5 = (TH2 - TL) / TH2
TH2 = 564 K

Increase in TH = TH2 - TH1 = 94 K or 94°C

Applied Thermodynamics (M3H324915)

5. A Carnot heat engine has thermal efficiency of 65 %. The lower temperature reservoir
is maintained at a constant temperature of 12oC. Evaluate the following:
(i) Temperature of high temperature reservoir;
(ii) The increase in temperature of high temperature reservoir in oC, for raising the Carnot
heat engine efficiency by 10 %. Temperature of low temperature reservoir remains same.

Solution:
Case (i):
Efficiency = (TH1 - TL) / TH1
TL = 273 + 12 = 285 K
0.65 = (TH1 - TL) / TH1

TH1 = 814.28 K
Case (ii):
Efficiency = (TH2 - TL) / TH2
TL = 273 + 12 = 285 K
0.75 = (TH2 - TL) / TH2

TH2 = 1140 K, Increase in TH Applied

= THThermodynamics
2 - TH1 = (M3H324915)
325.72 K or 325.72°C