By: Shikha Benson (A.

P, JMIT Radaur)
 Introduction

• Derived from Latin word “PERSONA”= to ‘speak

through a mask’.
• It is a combination of BODY & MIND.
• We don’t feel, think and behave in exactly the same
way- it depends on the situation we are in, the
people with us and many other things.
• Personality gets develop as we go through different
experiences in life, and as our circumstances change.

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

 Personality
 “Refers to the set of traits & behaviours that
characterize an individual.”
 “Refers to the relatively stable pattern of
behaviour & consistent internal state and
explains a person’s behavioural tendencies.”
 “The sum total of ways in which an individual
reacts to and interacts with others.”
 Definition (Meaning) of Personality

Personality means how a person affect others,

how he understands and views himself, as well
as pattern of inner and outer measurable traits
and the person situation interaction.
- Fred Luthans

It is an individual’s unique pattern of thoughts, feelings

and behaviour that persists over time and across
situations.

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

 Nature/ Characteristics of Personality

• It represents whole person (perception, learning, motivation

and more)
• There are commonalities & differences in behavior of
people.
• Personality= Inherent tendencies + acquired tendencies
through experience
• It is sum total of several attributes and traits.
• Personality is something which is unique in each individual
• Personality represents the process of learning with respect
to environment
• Personality is greatly influenced by social interactions

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

 o n a lit y
o f Pe rs
in ant s
Deter m

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

 Determinants of Personality
Heredity

Biological Brain

Physical Features

Culture

Environmental Family

Social

Situational

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

 Biological Factors

Heredity Brain Physical Features

• Refers to those • It is the • An individuals
factors that biological external
were structure which appearance
determined by influences our • Height, weight,
birth & inherited personality. color, facial
by parents. appearances,
• Physique, eye, etc.
colour, • Different stage
attractiveness, of maturity also
height, nervous influence
system, etc. personality.

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

 Environment Factors
Family & Social Factors
Cultural Factors
• Socialization: It is a process by
which a person acquires wide
• Culture in which an individual is range of behavioral patterns
raised affects personality. that are open to him or her
• Culture establishes Norms, starting from birth.
attitude, moral values which • It starts with initial contact b/w
passes from one generation to mother, father, brother, sister &
another (touching feet of elders, other members.
style of dress, bowing down, • Identification: It starts when a
etc) person begins to identify
• It defines attributes like himself with some other family
independence, aggression, member and tries to copy that
competition and cooperation. model.

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

 Situational Factors Other Factors

• Healthy & unhealthy • Character (honesty)

situation, circumstances, • Motives (inner drives)-
extent of happiness & goal directed behavior
sorrowness, etc. • Temperament (degree to
• Different situation which one responds
demands different emotionally)
personality. • Interest

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

 Personality Analysis
 In our technological society, individuals differ widely
in knowledge, intelligence and skills.

 In order to measure the present and potential

abilities of an individual, certain tests are conducted
in order to distinguish between persons who
possess a charming personality and others whose
personality can be called dull.

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

 Ways of Personality Analysis
 Test of General Intelligence
 Intelligence Quotient
 Primary Ability
 Verbal Comprehension
 Word Fluency
 Number
 Space
 Memory
 Perceptual Speed
 Reasoning
By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)
 Ways of Personality Analysis
 Self Report Tests of Personality: Questionnaires
and Inventories
 MMPI( Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory)
 MCMI ( Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory)
 NEO Personality Inventory

 Rorschach Test

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

Theories of Personality

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

1. Sigmund Freud Theory
2. Erik Ericson stages of Personality
3. Chris Argyri’s Immaturity- Maturity Theory
4. Trait Theory
5. Five factor Theory
6. Self Concept Theory
7. Social Learning Theories

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

1) Sigmund Freud Stages/
Psychoanalytical theory of
personality
• Sigmund Freud propounded Psychoanalytic theory.

• Based on concept: Man is motivated more by unseen forces

than by conscious forces.

• He has compared mind to an iceberg. (Conscious mind- a

small portion above water, unconscious mind- larger mass
below water).

• Personality= ID + EGO + SUPEREGO

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)
 Levels of Consciousness of Id, Ego and Superego

Conscious Ego Visible

Personality
Superego

Unconscious

Id

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

ID:
• Foundation for the conscious behaviour.
• It is a store house of all instincts, containing wishes and desires that unconsciously
directs our behaviour.
• Totally unconscious
• Works on Pleasure Principle: Wishes to have its desires satisfied NOW, without
waiting & regardless of consequences.
• It makes a mental image of the object that will remove tension.
• E.g: Hungry man experiences partial satisfaction by imagining a delicious meal.
EGO:
• It is the conscious part of human personality.
• It works on Reality Principle: Delays action until it is practical
• Has ability to distinguish b/w mental images and actual sources of tension release.

SUPEREGO:
• It represents values, norms and ethos that guide a person to behave properly in
society.
• It judges whether an action is right or wrong acc. to standards of society.

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

2) Erickson Stages
He has given importance to social factors in development of personality.
He has described 8 developmental stages:

1) Infancy (1st year of life)

Child has great need of dependency.
Feelings of trust & mistrust are developed.
These feelings depend upon behaviour of parents (Affectionate behaviour= develops trust
for others, Lack of affection= develops mistrust for others)
2)Early childhood (2 to 3 year old)
Child starts to operate on his own, tries to be independent.
3) Play Age (4 to 5 year old)
He tries to discover how much he can do, starts taking initiative with help of parents.
4) School Age (6 to 12 years old)
Learn new skills and develops social abilities.
Child starts making a goal for himself, if given a progress compatible with his abilities.
By Shikha Benson (A.P, PIET)
5) Adolescence (end of teenage years)
• Child experiences conflict due to socially imposed
requirements that he should be an independent adult.
6) Early Adulthood (20 to 24)
• Need is felt to develop intimate relations with others.
7) Adulthood (25 to 65)
• Person sees career advancements and maintenance, never
look beyond themselves (Self absorbed).
8) Mature Adulthood (from middle adulthood to death)
• Person gains sense of wisdom.
• They face conflict as their social & biological roles get
minimized.
• They experience a sense of uselessness.

By Shikha Benson (A.P, PIET)

3) Chris Argyri’s Immaturity- Maturity
Theory
Personality progresses along in a continuous way from
immaturity as an infant to a maturity as an adult.
Immaturity characteristics Maturity characteristics

1. Passivity 1. Activity
2. Dependence 2. Independence
3. Few ways of behaving 3. Diverse behaviour
4. Shallow interest 4. Deep interest
5. Short time perspective 5. Long time perspective
6. Subordinate position 6. Superordinate position
7. Lack of self awareness 7. Self awareness & control
By Shikha Benson (A.P, PIET)
4. Trait Theory
or
Myers Briggs Type Indicator
Trait theory visualizes personality as a reflection of
certain traits of the individual.
Many traits are common to most people, there are
many other traits that are unique to a person and are
not shared by other individuals.
On the Basis of trait theory people can be described as
aggressive ,loyal, pleasant, flexible , cool and so on.
Traits are basic elements of personality and can be used to
summarize behavior.
These are enduring characteristics that describe an
individual’s behavior.
These Characteristics , when they are exhibited in a large
number of situations are called personality traits.

B.R Cattell listed 171 personality traits , but concluded that

they were superficial and lacking in descriptive power.
When he sought was a reduced set of traits that would
identify underlying patterns. The result was the
identification of 16 personality traits, which he called
primary traits.
 Sixteen Primary Traits
1. Reserved 1. Outgoing
2. Less Intelligent 2. More Intelligent
3. Affected feelings 3. Emotionally more stable
4. Submissive 4. Dominant
5. Serious 5. Happy- go-lucky
6. Expedient 6. Conscientious
7. Timid 7. Venture some
8. Tough-minded 8. Sensitive
9. Trusting 9. Suspicious
10.Practical 10.Imaginative
11.Fort right 11.Shrewd
12.Self – assured 12.Apprehensive
13.Conservative 13.Experimenting
14.Group Dependent 14.Self – dependant
15.Uncontrolled 15.Controlled
16.Relaxed 16.Tense
5. Five Factor Theory of Personality
Or
Five Big Personality Traits
1. Agreeableness
2. Conscientiousness
3. Negative emotionality
4. Extroversion
5. Openness
1. Agreeableness:
Agreeableness refers to a person’s ability to get along with
others. Agreeableness causes some people to be gentle,
cooperative, forgiving, understanding and good – natured
in their dealings with others.

High Agreeableness Low

People are better in Persons are not likely

developing good working to have good working
relations with coworkers, relationships.
subordinates, superiors.
 2. Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness refers to the number of goals on which a
person focuses his attention.

High Conscientiousness Low

Persons who focus on relatively few Persons with less conscientiousness tend
goals at a time are likely to be to pursue a wider array of goals and as
organized , systematic, careful and result to be more disorganized, careless,
disciplined. They tend to focus on and even irresponsible as well as less
small number of goals at one time thorough and self discipline. Low
and give High performance performance.
 3. Negative emotionality
Emotions means moving of the feelings or agitation of mind.

Low negative Negative High negative

emotionality emotionality emotionality

People are relatively poised, calm, Persons are more negative

resilient, secure and tend to emotionality are more excitable,
better handle job stress , pressure insecure , reactive and subject to
and tension. extreme mood swings.
 4. Extroversion
Degree of extroversion reflects a person’s comfort level
with relationships. There may be persons with either
introversion or extroversion features.
Introversions a tendency in individuals which directs them to turn inward
and experience and process feelings, thoughts and ideas within
themselves.
Extroversion refers to the tendency in individuals to turn outward of
themselves searching for external stimuli with which they can interact.

Extroversion Introversion
Extroversion

People are sociable, lively gregarious and Introvert are quiet, reflective and
seek outward interaction. They are likely intellectual people who prefer to
to be more successful working in the sales interact with a small intimate circle of
activities, publicity dept., PR. friends.
5. Openness
Openness refers to a person’s rigidity of beliefs and range
of interests.

More Openness Openness Low Openness

Persons with high level of Persons with low level of openness

openness are willing to listen tend to be less receptive to new
to new ideas and to change ideas and less willing to change
their own ideas, reliefs and their minds; they tend to have
attitude to new information. fewer and narrower interests and to
be less curious and creative.
6. Self – concept theory
There are 4 factors of self concept:
i. Self image- Way one sees oneself. It is reality.
ii. Ideal self- Way one would like to be. It is perception.
iii. Looking glass self- perception of other’s perception
iv. Real self- what one really is.
7. Social – learning Theory
The social situations , in which an individuals lives,
has an important impact on personality.
Socialization starts with the initial contact between a
mother and her new infant.
After infancy, others members of the family , close
relatives and family friends and then the social groups
influence the personality of a person.
 i t s
lit y Tra
so n a
Pe r

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

Other personality traits
1. Self- concept and self- esteem
2. Machiavellianism
3. Locus of control
4. Tolerance for ambiguity
5. Type A and B
6. Work –ethic orientation
7. Risk taking
1. Self – concept and self – esteem: Self-concept is the
way individuals define themselves as to who they are
and derive their sense of identity. Self – esteem
denotes the extent to which they consistently regard
themselves a s capable, successful , important and
worthy individuals.
2. Machiavellianism: It refers to manipulation of others
as a primary way of achieving one’s goals. Mach scale
measures the extent to which an individual tends to
be Machiavellian. People with high score on mach
scale, tend to be cool, logical in assessing the system
around them and try to gain control of people,
events and situations.
3. Locus of control: It means whether people believe that
they are in control of events, or events control them.
 Those who have internal locus of control believe that they
control and shape the course of events in their lives.
 Those who have external locus of control tend to believe
that events occur purely by chance or because of factors
beyond their own control.
4. Tolerance for Ambiguity: Some people can tolerate high
level of ambiguity without experience undue stress and
still function effectively while people who have a low
tolerance for ambiguity may be effective in structure work
setting but it is almost impossible to operate effectively
when things are rapidly changing and much information
about the future turn of events is not available.
6. Work – ethic orientation:

High work – ethic Low work – ethic

orientation orientation

People get greatly involved in the People try to do the minimum

job and live up to being describe that is necessary to get without
as living , eating and breathing being fired on the job.
job. For such people , work
becomes the only consideration
of satisfaction and they have very
little outside interests.
 7. Type A and B Personality:
Type A Type B
1. They always feel a sense of time 1. never suffer from a sense of time
urgency , are highly achievement – urgency and do not experience
oriented , exhibited a competitive competitive drive.
drive and are impatient
2. feel impatient with the rate at 2. feel no need to display or discuss
which most events take place either their achievements or
accomplishments
3. strive to think or do two or more 3. They are easygoing
things at once
4. cannot cope with leisure time 4. They are relaxed in nature
5. are obsessed with numbers, 5. play for fun and relaxation, rather
measuring their success in terms of than to exhibit their superiority at
how many or how much of any cost;
everything they acquire.

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

7. Risk taking : It is a degree to which a person is willing
to take chances and make risky decisions.

High risk propensity Low risk propensity

A person with high risk A person with low risk propensity

propensity experiments with believes in excessive conservation and
new ideas . In an organization tries to maintain status quo. In an
context, he may introduce organization, such person resists
new ideas , gamble on new changes and trying new ideas.
products and leads the
organization in new and
different directions.
 n a li t y
e rso
e nt s of P
Ele m

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

Elements of personality
factors which contribute to our personality

Intelligence Emotional
Personal Life
Appearance -mental ability to
perceive right things -determines
-size & shape physical & mental
- Adjustable
health

Character & Moral

Traits
Temperament
-character is total of habits,
self regard, sentiments

ID, EGO &

SUPEREGO
By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)
 li t y /
s o n a
Per rd e r
n ge d D i s o
a
Der onality
Pe rs

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

 Deranged Personality/
Personality disorders
We don’t feel, think and behave in exactly the same way- it
depends on the situation we are in, the people with us and
many other things.
When the pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving
becomes more difficult to change with changing
situations and circumstances it is called as
personality disorder.
It involves unhealthy and inflexible long term patterns
of thoughts and behavior.
It is noticeable in adolescence or early childhood but
sometimes start in childhood.
By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)
APA (American Psychiatry Association) definition
of Personality disorders
APA found 4 core features present in all types of
personality disorders. They are:

1. Distorted 2. Problematic
thought emotional
patterns responses

4. Interpersonal
3. Poor impulse
(relational)
control
difficulties

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

 Types of deranged personality
A. SUSPICIOUS
1. Paranoid Distrust & Suspiciousness in others, watch others to
look for signs of betrayal
2. Schizoid Detachments from social relationships, emotionally
cold towards others
3. Schizotypal Feels extremely difficult to make social relationships,
use unusual words or phrases
4. Antisocial Behave dangerously, criminal records, violation of
rights of others
B. EMOTIONAL & IMPULSIVE
5. Borderline Suffer from mood swings, emotionally instable, low self
image
6. Histrionic Feels uncomfortable when they are not the centre of
attention, feels that they have to entertain people

7. Narcissistic Selfish, lacks empathy, feels that they are more deserving
than others
 Cont…

C. ANXIOUS
8. Avoidant Avoid work & social activities, worry
constantly about being rejected or shamed by
others
9. Dependent Feels week & unable to make decisions, low
self confidence
10. Obsessive Sets unrealistic high standards, thinks he/she
compulsive has the best way to do things

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)

 Causes of Deranged Personality
• Difficult childhood
• Different demands & expectations of
Family
Family circumstances
family members, drugs, alcohol
Circumstances • Not giving proper warmth, love,
supervision and discipline

• Major incident & accident

Trauma • Sudden death off beloved one

• People are born with different

Genetic factors temperaments

• Sensitive people suffers from shy, timid

High reactivity & anxious personalities.
• Hampered relationships with friends,
Peers relatives, colleagues, etc
 K YO U
THA N

By Shikha Benson (A.P, JMIT)