The liver is the largest gland in the body, located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It has over 500 functions including metabolism, synthesis, breakdown of substances, storage of vitamins and minerals, and excretion of waste. The liver is divided into four lobes and receives blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery. It filters blood and produces bile which is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine to aid in fat digestion.
The liver is the largest gland in the body, located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It has over 500 functions including metabolism, synthesis, breakdown of substances, storage of vitamins and minerals, and excretion of waste. The liver is divided into four lobes and receives blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery. It filters blood and produces bile which is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine to aid in fat digestion.
The liver is the largest gland in the body, located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It has over 500 functions including metabolism, synthesis, breakdown of substances, storage of vitamins and minerals, and excretion of waste. The liver is divided into four lobes and receives blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery. It filters blood and produces bile which is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine to aid in fat digestion.
The liver is the largest gland in the body, located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It has over 500 functions including metabolism, synthesis, breakdown of substances, storage of vitamins and minerals, and excretion of waste. The liver is divided into four lobes and receives blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery. It filters blood and produces bile which is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine to aid in fat digestion.
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Liver: anatomy & functions
The Liver • Largest gland in the body (about 3 pounds) • Over 500 functions • Inferior to diaphragm in RUQ and epigastric area protected by ribs • R and L lobes – Plus 2 smaller lobes • Falciform ligament – Mesentery binding liver to anterior abdominal wall • 2 surfaces – Diaphragmatic – Visceral • Covered by peritoneum – Except “bare area” fused to diaphragm 2 posterior
Fissure on visceral surface
Porta hepatis: major vessels and nerves anterior
enter and leave –
Ligamentum teres: remnant of umbilical vein in fetus, attaches to navel 3 Fetal circulation
4 5 Gross Anatomy • The liver is divided) into four lobes: the right (the largest lobe), left, quadrate and caudate lobes.
• Supplied with blood via the protal
vein and hepatic artery.
• Blood carried away by the hepatic
vein.
• It is connected to the diaphragm
and abdomainal walls by five ligaments.
• The liver is the only human organ that has
the remarkable property of self- regeneration. If a part of the liver is removed, the remaining parts can grow back to its original size and shape. Anatomy GALLBLADDER ANATOMY GALLBLADDER ANATOMY • Thin-walled green muscular sac • On the inferior surface of the liver • Stores bile that is not immediately needed for digestion • When the muscular wall of LIVER
the gallbladder contracts
bile is expelled into the bile GALL duct BLADDER BILE • BILE – bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids and electrolytes
• Liver produces 0.5-1 l of
bile daily LIVER •
GALL BLADDER Gallbladder* • Bile is produced in the liver • Bile is stored in the gallbladder • Bile is excreted into the duodenum when needed (fatty meal) • Bile helps dissolve fat and cholesterol • If bile salts crystallize, gall stones are formed – Intermittent pain: ball valve effect causing intermittent obstruction – Or infection and a lot of pain, fever, vomiting, etc.
* 11 LIVER ANATOMY • Liver lobules – hexagonal structures consisting of hepatocytes • Hepatocytes radiate outward from a central vein • At each of the six corners of a lobule is a portal triad • Liver sinusoids LIVER ANATOMY • Hepatocytes produce bile
• Bile flows through canals
called bile canaliculi to a bile duct
• Bile ducts leave the liver
via the common hepatic duct LIVER ANATOMY
20 %
80 % Functions • Metabolic Synthesis Breakdown Other functions – storage of vitamin A,D,B12,F… • Excretion of waste products from bloodstream into bile • Vascular – storage of blood Synthesis • Protein metabolism Synthesis of amino acids • Carbohydrate metabolism Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis Glycogenesis • Lipid metabolism Cholesterol synthesis Lipogenesis • Production of coagulation factors I, II, V, VII, IX, X and XI, and protein C, protein S and antithrombin • Main site of red blood cell production Breakdown • Breaks down insulin and other hormones • Breaks down hemoglobin • Breaks down or modifies toxic substances → sometimes results in toxication • Converts ammonia to urea Other functions • Produces albumin, the major osmolar component of blood serum • Synthesizes angiotensinogen, the hormone responsible for raising blood pressure when activated by renin (enzyme released when the kidney senses low blood pressure)
