Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 647 views

    Blood Pressure Regulation Mechanisms

    Uploaded by

    Physiology by Dr Raghuveer
    The document discusses blood pressure and the factors that influence it, including the two main components of blood pressure (static and dynamic pressure), how blood pressure is measured, and the mechanisms that regulate blood pressure both rapidly through neural pathways like the baroreceptor reflex and over the long term through factors like blood volume. Key concepts covered include how pressure relates to the number of particles hitting a surface, the types of pressure in different vessel geometries, and how blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Blood Pressure Regulation Mechanisms

    Uploaded by

    Physiology by Dr Raghuveer
    647 views68 pages
    The document discusses blood pressure and the factors that influence it, including the two main components of blood pressure (static and dynamic pressure), how blood pressure is measured, and the mechanisms that regulate blood pressure both rapidly through neural pathways like the baroreceptor reflex and over the long term through factors like blood volume. Key concepts covered include how pressure relates to the number of particles hitting a surface, the types of pressure in different vessel geometries, and how blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance.

    Original Description:

    blood pressure and regulation

    Original Title

    Blood pressure regulation mechanisms

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses blood pressure and the factors that influence it, including the two main components of blood pressure (static and dynamic pressure), how blood pressure is measured, and the mechanisms that regulate blood pressure both rapidly through neural pathways like the baroreceptor reflex and over the long term through factors like blood volume. Key concepts covered include how pressure relates to the number of particles hitting a surface, the types of pressure in different vessel geometries, and how blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    647 views68 pages

    Blood Pressure Regulation Mechanisms

    Uploaded by

    Physiology by Dr Raghuveer
    The document discusses blood pressure and the factors that influence it, including the two main components of blood pressure (static and dynamic pressure), how blood pressure is measured, and the mechanisms that regulate blood pressure both rapidly through neural pathways like the baroreceptor reflex and over the long term through factors like blood volume. Key concepts covered include how pressure relates to the number of particles hitting a surface, the types of pressure in different vessel geometries, and how blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 68
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that blood pressure is related to the force exerted by blood on vessel walls, and there are two main types of blood pressure - static and dynamic.

    The two main types of blood pressure are static pressure, from the blood distending the vessel, and dynamic pressure, from the movement of blood particles along the vessel.

    Blood pressure decreases along a blood vessel due to increased velocity and decreased lateral pressure according to Bernoulli's principle. Narrowing of vessels further decreases pressure at the constriction.

    Blood Pressure

    Blood Pressure

     Pressure is force on an area

     If there is a fluid in a container


    we measure the pressure
    on the surface area of the container.

     That pressure is related to


    the number of particles that crash into
    that surface area per unit time
    Blood Pressure

     Pressure in the reservoir is easy

     Since there is no net flow, the force on all sides of the


    reservoir is equal. Thus, measuring pressure anywhere
    measures pressure.
    Blood Pressure

     Pressure in a pipe is hard

     Since there is net flow, there are fewer particles hitting the
    inflow area than the wall and more particles hitting the
    outflow area than the wall.
    Blood Pressure

     There are two types of pressure:

     Static Pressure
     Pressure from the blood distending the vessel against the
    vascular smooth muscle
     LaPlace: T=Pr (tension, pressure, radius)
    Blood Pressure

     There are two types of pressure

     Dynamic Pressure
     Pressure from the movement of particles along the blood
    stream
     Pitot: P=v2/2 (density, velocity)
    Blood Pressure

    in a tube or a blood vessel the total energy—the sum of the kinetic energy of flow and the
    potential energy—is constant (Bernoulli's principle).
    According to the principle, the greater the velocity of flow in a vessel, the lower the lateral
    pressure distending its walls. When a vessel is narrowed, the velocity of flow in the narrowed
    portion increases and in the distending pressure decreases. Therefore, when a vessel is narrowed
    by a pathologic process such as an atherosclerotic plaque, the lateral pressure at the constriction
    is decreased and the narrowing tends to maintain itself.
    Bernoulli Pressure Lowering
    The linear drop in fluid pressure is according to Poiseuille's law, but the constriction produces
    an extra drop in pressure according to the BernoulliPrinciple

    The liquid column height is a measure of the fluid pressure at that point in the flow
    tube. The vertical tubes act as manometers. The manometers show that the pressure
    is lowered at the constriction relative to what it would have been in a uniform tube.
    The pressure that drives the fluid through the tube is the static fluid pressure at the
    bottom of the reservoir. The resistance to flow represented by the tube causes a drop
    in pressure as you proceed along the tube.
    Blood Pressure

     The Total Pressure is the sum of the static and


    dynamic pressures.

     This is much like Total Energy is the sum of the


    kinetic and potential energies.
    Blood Pressure
     From a practical standpoint…

     THE blood pressure is what we measure if we stick a


    catheter into the lumen of a vessel and measure the
    outflow pressure.
    If a cannula is inserted into an artery, the arterial pressure can be measured
    directly with a mercury manometer
    Arterial Blood Pressure (BP)

    = The lateral pressure force generated by the pumping


    action of the heart on the wall of aorta & arterial blood
    vessels per unit area.
    ■ Measured in (mmHg), & sometimes in (cmH2O), where
    1 mmHg = 1.36 cmH2O.
    ■ Of 2 components:
     systolic … (= max press reached) = 110-130 mmHg.
     diastolic … (= min press reached) = 70-90 mmHg.

    In normal adult  120/80 mmHg.


    Arterial Blood Pressure (continued)

    In normal adult  120/80 mmHg.


    ■ Diastolic pressure is more important, because diastolic
    period is longer than the systolic period in the cardiac
    cycle.

    ■ Pulse pressure = Systolic BP – Diastolic BP.


    ■ Mean arterial pressure = Diastolic BP + 1/3 Pulse press.
    Blood Pressure (BP): Measurements

    Figure 15-7: Measurement of arterial blood pressure


    Factors Controlling MAP :
    The Driving Pressure for Blood Flow

    Figure 15-10: Factors that influence mean arterial pressure


    Factors affecting ABP:

    ■ Sex … M > F …due to hormones/ equal at menopause.


    ■ Age … Elderly > children …due to atherosclerosis.
    ■ Emotions … due to secretion of adrenaline & noradrenaline.
    ■ Exercise … due to  venous return.
    ■ Hormones … (e.g. Adrenaline, noradrenaline, thyroid H).
    ■ Gravity …  Lower limbs > upper limbs.
    ■ Race … Orientals > Westerns … ? dietry factors, or weather.
    ■ Sleep …  due to  venous return.
    ■ Pregnancy … due to  metabolism.
    Effects of gravity on arterial and venous pressures.
    Each cm of distance produces a 0.77 mmHg change.

    Veins Arteries

    0 100 mm Hg

    190 mm Hg
    Sphincters protect
    capillaries

    VENOUS PUMP keeps PV < 25 mm Hg


    Factors determining ABP:
    Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output X Peripheral Resistance

    (BP) (CO) (PR)


    Flow Diameter of
    arterioles

    ■ BP depends on:
    1. Cardiac output  CO = SV X HR.
    2. Peripheral resistance.
    3. Blood volume.
    Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure
    Regulation of ABP:

    ■ Maintaining B.P. is important to ensure a steady blood


    flow (perfusion) to tissues.

    ■ B.P. is regulated neurally through centers in medulla


    oblongata:
    1. Vasomotor Center (V.M.C.), or (pressor area):
     Sympathetic fibers.
    2. Cardiac Inhibitory Center (C.I.C.), or (depressor area):
     Parasympathetic fibers (vagus).
    Regulation of ABP (continued)
    cardiac control centers in medulla oblongata

    1. Cardiacaccelerator 2. Cardiacinhibitory
    center center
    (V.M.C) (C.I.C)

    Sympathetic n. fibers Parasympathetic n. fibers


     Regulatory mechanisms depend on:
    a. Fast acting reflexes:
    Concerned by controlling CO (SV, HR), & PR.
    b. Long-term mechanism:
    Concerned mainly by regulating the blood volume.
    Regulation of Blood Pressure
    Mechanisms for controlling MAP ―

    (a) Rapid/Short term BP Control/Nervous


    Mechanisms

    (b) Intermediate Bp Control Mechanisms

    (c) Long Term BP Control mechanisms


    Rapid / Short term / Nervous
    Mechanisms for controlling BP
    Charactristics -
     Act rapidly - within secs. to few mts.
     Lasts for - few hrs. to few days
     Prevents - sudden rise or fall in BP
     Operates through -
    (a) Baroreceptors
    (b) Chemoreceptors
    (c) CNS Ischemic Response
    Baroreceptors
     Def. - Stretch receptors,mechanoreceptor
     Present in - walls of heart & large blood vesels
     Structure - highly branched myelinated, knobby nerve
    endings
     Stimulated by – stretching of art. wall

    High BP → stretching → ↑ discharge freq.


    Types of Baroreceptors
    1. High Pressure baroreceptors –
    Located at - carotid sinus Imp.
    - aortic arch baroreceptors
    - wall of LV
    - root of Rt. Subclavian A.
    2. Low Pressure baroreceptors –
    Located at - RA, LA,
    - Entrance of SVC,IVC,
    - Pulm. trunk, pulm.A. & Veins
    1. Baroreceptors reflex:

    ■ Baroreceptors are receptors found in carotid sinus &


    aortic arch.
    ■ Are stimulated by changes in BP.
     BP

    + Baroreceptors
    = V.M.C ++ C.I.C

    = Sympathetic + Parasympathetic

    Vasodilatation &  TPR Slowing of SA node ( HR)


    &  CO
    Baroreceptor Reflex
     Normally – Baroreceptors discharge at low rate
     Discharge rate - ↑ at high BP & ↓ at low BP
     Below 60 mm Hg – no discharge at all
     Above 160 mm Hg – no further rise in discharge
     i.e. baroreceptors are sensitive in the range of 60 - 160
    mm Hg.
     Maximally sensitive at MAP 95 mm Hg.
     Respond more to rapidly changing BP than to a
    stationary high or low levels of BP.
    Baroreceptor Reflex
     Baroreceptor resetting – Baroreceptors reset
    themselves in 1-2 days, to whatever they are exposed.
     So they have no role in long term regulation of BP
    (only in short term control)
     Applied – Carotid sinus massage to reduce HR in
    PAT (vagally mediated slowing of HR)
    Baroreceptor Reflex
    Atrial stretch receptors & pulm. Baroreceptors
     Present in – atria, pulm trunk & its divisions
     Imp. Role in reducing arterial pr. Changes due to
    changes in blood vol.
    all receptors art. Baroreceptors all receptors
    intact denervated, denervated
    atrial receptors intact

    ↑ BV → ↑ BP ↑↑ BP ↑↑↑ BP
    atrial receptors make total reflex system much more potent for control of
    MAP.
    Baroreceptor Reflex
    Atrial stretch receptors & pulm. Baroreceptors
    mechanism

    ↑BV ― ↑ venous return ― ↑ discharge from atrial


    receptors

    ↓ BP
    MOTOR CORTEX
    HYPOTHALAMUS Sympathetic
    Chemosensitive Area Nervous
    System

    VASOMOTOR CENTER
    PRESSOR AREA
    Glossopharyngeal DEPRESSOR AREA
    Nerve
    CARDIOINHIBITORY AREA

    Vagus
    Baroreceptors
    Carotid Sinus
    Aortic Arch HEART
    Arterioles
    Veins
    Chemoreceptors Adrenal
    Carotid Bodies
    Aortic Bodies Medulla

    Bainbridge Reflex ( Heart Rate)


    Atrial Receptors Volume Reflex ( Urinary OUTPUT)
    a.  Vascular Sympathetic Tone
    b.  ADH Secretion
    c.  Aldosterone Secretion
    Chemoreceptor Reflex
     Respond to - ↓ Po2, ↑ Pco2 ,↑ H+ conc.
     Present in – Carotid and Aortic Bodies.
     N. Supply – Sinus & Aortic N.
     Concerned mainly withResp.Regulation
     Discharge at low freq.in Normal person.
     No role in BP regulation if >60 mm.Hg.
    Role of Chemoreceptors
     In Hypoxia & Hypotension(Hemorrhage)
    Chemoreceptors stimulated (if BP <60mm.Hg.)

    Hyper ventillation VMC +

    ↑ Force of contr.→ ↑ SV & SBP ↑ PR → ↑ DBP


    2. Chemoreceptors reflex:
    ■ Chemoreceptors are receptors found in carotid &
    aortic bodies.
    ■ Are stimulated by chemical changes in blood mainly
    hypoxia ( O2), hypercapnia ( CO2), & pH changes.

    Haemorrhage  BP

    Hypoxia

    ++ V.M.C = C.I.C
    + Chemoreceptors

    + Sympathetic = Parasympathetic
    + Adrenal
    medulla
    Vasoconstriction  HR
    &  TPR
    CNS Ischemic Response
    Seen if BP falls <60mm.Hg. –max. at 15-20 mm. Hg.
    ↓ Blood flow to VMC → Ischemia of VMC

    VMC Stimulated Accumulation of CO2


    & Lactic acid
    vasoconstriction
    & Inotropic action

    BP
    It is an Emergency art. Pressure control system.
    Irreversible neuronal damage in 3-10 mts.
    Intermdiate BP Control Mechanisms
    CHARACERSTICS
     Becomes active after several minutes
     Remain active for few days to few
    weeks
     By altering Blood Volume they control
    BP
    Stress Relaxation
    ReverseStress
    Relaxation
    ↑ Fluid load → ↑ BP ↓ BP

    Stretching of vessels

    ↑ tone of smooth m. ↓ tone of smooth m.

    Reflex ↓ in tone Reflex ↑ in tone

    ↓ BP ↑ BP
    Capillary Fluid Shift
    Mechanism
    ↑ BP ↓ BP

    ↑ mean cap. Pressure ↓ mean cap. Pressure

    Fluid enter into IS Comp. Fluid enter into vessels

    ↓ BV ↑ BV

    ↓ BP ↑ BP
    2 times more effective than barorecepters but slow.
    Regulation of Blood Volume:

    ■ A long-term regulatory mechanism.


    ■ Mainly renal:
    1. Renin-Angiotensin System.
    2. Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin.
    3. Low-pressure volume receptors.
    1. Renin-Angiotensin System:

    ■ Most important mechanism for Na+ retention in


    order to maintain the blood volume.
    ■ Any drop of renal blood flow &/or  Na+, will
    stimulate volume receptors found in juxtaglomerular
    apparatus of the kidneys to secrete Renin which will
    act on the Angiotensin System leading to production
    of aldosterone.
    Renin – Angiotensin Vasoconstrictor
    Mechanism
    Main function –
    (i) Control of BP
    (ii)Regulation of ECF Volume
    Renin – Secreted from – JG Cells
    Stimulus – Low BP
    Function – convert ATG to AT-I
    ACE

    AT-I → AT-II (in lungs endo cells)


    • Renin-Angiotensin System:
     renal blood flow &/or  Na+

    ++ Juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidneys


    (considered volume receptors)

    Renin
    Angiotensin I
    Angiotensinogen
    Converting
    (Lungs)
    enzymes
    Angiotensin III Angiotensin II
    (powerful (powerful
    vasoconstrictor) vasoconstrictor)
    Adrenal
    cortex
    Corticosterone
    Aldosterone
    N.B. Aldosterone is the main regulator of Na+ retention.
    Functions of Angiotensin-II
     Vasoconstriction → ↑ BP

     Na+ & Water retention by Kidney → ↑ BP

     Stimulate thirst → ↑ BV → ↑ BP
    Functions of Angiotensin-II
    2. Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), or
    vasopressin:
    ■ Hypovolemia & dehydration will stimulate the
    osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, which will lead
    to release of ADH from posterior pituitary gland.

    ■ ADH will cause water reabsorption at kidney tubules.


    3. Low-pressure volume receptors:

    ■ Atrial natriuritic peptide (ANP) hormone, is secreted


    from the wall of right atrium to regulate Na+ excretion
    in order to maintain blood volume.
    3. Other Vasomotor Reflexes:

    1. Atrial stretch receptor reflex:


     Venous Return  ++ atrial stretch receptors  reflex
    vasodilatation &  BP.
    2. Thermoreceptors: (in skin/or hypothalamus)
     Exposure to heat  vasodilatation.
     Exposure to cold  vasoconstriction.

    3. Pulmonary receptors:
    Lung inflation  vasoconstriction.

    You might also like