Md. Alamgir Hossain: Lecturer (ME) Department of Textile Engineering Green University of Bangladesh (GUB)

ME 201: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FUNDAMENTALS
Md. Alamgir Hossain

Lecturer (ME)
Department of Textile Engineering
Green University of Bangladesh (GUB)
1
CONTENTS
 Refrigerant
 Properties of refrigerant
 Refrigeration
 COP and TR
 Different types of refrigeration system
 Applications
 Air-conditioning
 Classification of A/C system
 Equipment used in air conditioning system
 Psychrometric terms
 Psychrometric chart
 Psychrometric processes
2
REFRIGERANT
Refrigerant is the substance which is used for heat transfer in a
refrigeration system.
Refrigerants are two type-
1. Primary refrigerant.
2. Secondary refrigerant.
The refrigerant used for complete the cycle is called primary

refrigerant. Such as- hydrocarbon, halo-carbon, inorganic,
azeotropic refrigerant.
The refrigerant which are first cooled by primary refrigerant and
then used for cooling purposes are known as secondary
refrigerant. Such as- water, air, ammonia etc.
3
PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANT
A refrigerant should have the following properties:-
1. Flammability, toxicity should be low.
2. Miscibility (ability to mix with oil is called miscibility) should be low.
3. Solubility (ability to mix with water) should be low.
4. Inertness, stability and thermal conductivity should be high.
5. Corrosive property, leakage tendency and cost should be low.
Method of leak detection:

- soap bubble method.
- odor detect method.
- color detect method.
- halide light method.
4
REFRIGERATION
Refrigeration is the process of extraction heat from a body where
temperature is already below the temperature of its surroundings.
The amount of heat removed from the body is known as
refrigeration effect.
Basic components of a refrigeration system are:

1. Compressor.
2. Condenser.
3. Expansion valve.
4. Evaporator.
Figure-1: Basic components of a refrigeration system.
5
COP & TR
COP:
The coefficient of performance is the ratio of heat extracted
in the refrigerator to the work done on the refrigerant.
Theoretically,
COP=
TR: Tonne of refrigeration is the unit of refrigerator. It is defined as the

amount of refrigeration effect produced by the uniform melting of one
tonne (1000 kg) of ice from and at in 24 hours.
Since, latent heat of ice is 335 KJ/kg. therefore, one tonne of refrigeration,
1 TR= 1000 x 335 KJ in 24 hours
= ( 1000 x 335 )/ (24 x 60 ) = 232.6 KJ/min.
In actual practice, it is equivalent to 210 KJ/min, or 3.5 KW.
6
PROBLEM
Problem:

A cold storage is to be maintained at while the surroundings are at
he heat leakage from the surroundings into the cold storage is
estimated to be 25 KW. The actual COP of refrigeration plant is of an
ideal plant working between the same temperatures. Find out the
power required to drive the plant.
This is math no. 4 in supply note, math no. 5,6,7,8 must be practiced
yourself.
7
SOLUTION
Given,

= -5 + 273 = 268 K
= 25 KW
Now,
= = = 7.65
Again,
= = x 7.65 = 2.55
COP= or, = = 9.8 KW. Ans.
8
DIFF. TYPES OF REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
Vapor compression refrigeration cycle:

A simple vapor compression refrigeration system consists of four
fundamental processes. These are-
1. Evaporation.
2. Compression.
3. Condensation.
4. Expansion.
Figure-2: vapor compression refrigeration cycle.
Figure-3: T-S and P-H diagram for vapor compression refrigeration cycle. 9
VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION
1. Evaporation: The refrigerant extracts heat from the object in the

evaporator by evaporation process.
2. Compression: After evaporation, the refrigerant is received by a

compressor and compressed it to a high pressure, high temperature.
Then, compressed refrigerant goes towards the condenser.
3. Condensation: In this device, refrigerant gives up its heat and

becomes cool with a high pressure.
4. Expansion: refrigerant comes out from the condenser and expands

through an expansion valve. Thus its pressure is decreased.
10
VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION
11
VAPOR COMPRESSION WITH SUBCOOLING &
SUPERHEATING
Figure-4: vapor compression refrigeration cycle with sub-cooling &

superheating .
12
VAPOR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION
CYCLE
Vapor absorption refrigeration cycle:
Major components of a vapor absorption refrigeration cycle are-
- Condenser
- Expansion valve
- Evaporator
instead of compressor, its have-
- absorber
- pump
- generator
Some accessories are fitted to make
the system more practical and improve
the performance.
- heat exchanger
- rectifier
Figure-5: Vapor absorption ref. cycle
- analyzer
13
CYCLE
1. Heat exchanger: This device is located between the generator and
absorber. Strong solution is heated and weak solution is cooled by this
device. Thus, it reduced the cost of heating in the generator and cooling
in the absorber.
2. Rectifier: A rectifier consists of a series of trays mounted above the

generator. Its main function is to remove partly some of the unwanted
water particles associated with the refrigerant going to the condenser.
3. Analyzer: An analyzer is a water cooled heat exchanger which

condenses water vapor, some refrigerants and send back them towards the
generator.
14
CYCLE
Video is attached separately.
15
APPLICATIONS
1. Domestic refrigeration.
2. Commercial refrigeration.
3. Industrial refrigeration.
4. Marine and transportation refrigeration.
16
AIR-CONDITIONING
Air conditioning is that branch of engineering science which deals
with the study of conditioned air i.e. supplying & maintaining
internal atmospheric conditions for human comfort respective
with external conditions.
Factors affecting comfort air conditioning-

- temperature of air.
- humidity of air.
- purity of air.
- motion of air.
- activity.
17
CLASSIFICATION
Air conditioning systems may be broadly classified as follows-
1. According to the purposes:
- comfort A/C system.
- industrial A/C system.
2. According to season of the year:
- winter A/C system.
- summer A/C system.
- year round A/C system.
3. According to the arrangement of equipment:
- central A/C system.
- unitary A/C system.
18
EQUIPMENT USED IN A/C SYSTEM
1. damper.
2. filter.
3. air conditioning unit.
4. circulating fan.
5. supply duct.
6. return duct.
Figure-6: Equipment of an A/C system.

19
PSYCHROMETRIC TERMS
Dry
 air: The mixture of different gases such as- nitrogen, oxygen,
hydrogen, carbon-dioxcide, argon etc. is called dry air.
Moist air: A mixture of water vapor and dry air is called moist air.
Saturated air: A mixture of dry air and water vapor in which maximum
amount of water vapor has diffused is called saturated air.
Humidity: It is the mass of water vapor present in 1 kg of dry air.
Absolute humidity: It is the mass of water vapor present in 1 of dry air.
Relative humidity: It is the ratio of actual mass of water vapor () in a
given volume of moist air to the mass of water vapor () in the same volume
of saturated air at the same temperature and pressure. Mathematically,
R=
20
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
Psychrometric chart is a graphical representation of the properties of
moist air.
Figure-7: psychrometric chart.
Dry bulb temperature lines are straight, parallel, vertical and

uniformly spaced.
Relative humidity lines are curved.
21
PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES
Humidity ratio lines are straight, parallel, horizontal and

uniformly spaced.
Wet bulb temperature lines are inclined and non uniformly
spaced.
The main psychrometric processes in air conditioning system

are:
1. sensible heating or, cooling.
2. humidification or, dehumidification.
3. heating and humidification. ( winter A/C)
4. cooling and dehumidification. ( summer A/C)
22
PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES
1. Sensible heating or, cooling: The process of adding heat or

removing heat from a moist air without changing its humidity ratio is
called sensible heating or, cooling.
2. Humidification or dehumidification: The process of adding
moisture or, removing moisture at constant dry bulb temperature is
called humidification or, dehumidification.
Figure-8: sensible heating, cooling and humidification, dehumidification

23
WINTER A/C SYSTEM
In a winter air conditioning system, air is first heated at desired level
and then humidified at comfort stage. By using a circulating fan, the
conditioned air is supplied at different places where it is needed.
Figure-9: winter A/C system.

24
SUMMER A/C SYSTEM
In a summer air conditioning system, at first the incoming air is
cooled and then the moisture is removed by using a perforated
membrane. Finally, the conditioned air is supplied at conditioned
space.
Figure-10: summer A/C system.

25
THANK YOU
26

Md. Alamgir Hossain: Lecturer (ME) Department of Textile Engineering Green University of Bangladesh (GUB)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Md. Alamgir Hossain: Lecturer (ME) Department of Textile Engineering Green University of Bangladesh (GUB)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Md. Alamgir Hossain: Lecturer (ME) Department of Textile Engineering Green University of Bangladesh (GUB)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ME 201: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Md. Alamgir Hossain

The refrigerant used for complete the cycle is called primary

Method of leak detection:

Basic components of a refrigeration system are:

Figure-1: Basic components of a refrigeration system.

TR: Tonne of refrigeration is the unit of refrigerator. It is defined as the

COP= or, = = 9.8 KW. Ans.

Vapor compression refrigeration cycle:

1. Evaporation: The refrigerant extracts heat from the object in the

2. Compression: After evaporation, the refrigerant is received by a

3. Condensation: In this device, refrigerant gives up its heat and

4. Expansion: refrigerant comes out from the condenser and expands

Figure-4: vapor compression refrigeration cycle with sub-cooling &

2. Rectifier: A rectifier consists of a series of trays mounted above the

3. Analyzer: An analyzer is a water cooled heat exchanger which

Video is attached separately.

Factors affecting comfort air conditioning-

Figure-6: Equipment of an A/C system.

Figure-7: psychrometric chart.

Dry bulb temperature lines are straight, parallel, vertical and

Humidity ratio lines are straight, parallel, horizontal and

The main psychrometric processes in air conditioning system

1. Sensible heating or, cooling: The process of adding heat or

Figure-8: sensible heating, cooling and humidification, dehumidification

Figure-9: winter A/C system.

Figure-10: summer A/C system.

You might also like