Aircraft Materials and Proceses

Aircraft Materials
and Proceses
Characteristics of Metals
and Non - Metals
Characteristics of Metals and Non - Metals
1. Hardness
- is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic
deformation induced by either mechanical indentation
or abrasion. Some materials are harder than others.
Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by
strong intermolecular bonds, but the behavior of solid
materials under force is complex; therefore, there are
different measurements of hardness: scratch
hardness, indentation hardness, and rebound
hardness.
2. Strength
- is its ability to withstand an applied load without
failure or plastic deformation. The field of strength of
materials deals with forces and deformations that
result from their acting on a material. A load applied to
a mechanical member will induce internal forces
within the member called stresses when those forces
are expressed on a unit basis.
3. Malleability
- it is a substance's ability to deform under
pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a material
may be flattened into thin sheets by hammering or
rolling.
- Malleable materials can be flattened into metal
leaf. It is the ability of a solid to bend or be hammered
into shapes without breaking.
4. Ductility
- it is a measure of a material's ability to undergo
significant plastic deformation before rupture, which
may be expressed as percent elongation or percent
area reduction from a tensile test. It is especially
important in metalworking, as materials that crack,
break or shatter under stress cannot be manipulated
using metal-forming processes. Malleable materials
can be formed cold using stamping or pressing,
whereas brittle materials may
be cast or thermoformed.
5. Conductivity
- is the measure of the ease at which an electric
charge or heat can pass through a material. A
conductor is a material which gives very little
resistance to the flow of an electric current or thermal
energy.
 Electrical Conductivity
- is a fundamental property of a material that
quantifies how strongly that material opposes the
flow of electric current. A low resistivity indicates a
material that readily allows the flow of electric
current.
 Thermal Conductivity
- Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate in materials of
low thermal conductivity than in materials of high
thermal conductivity. Correspondingly, materials of
high thermal conductivity are widely used in heat
sink applications and materials of low thermal
conductivity are used as thermal insulation. The
thermal conductivity of a material may depend on
temperature.
6. Density
- it is the mass per unit volume of a material.
Changes in temperature of a material do not
significantly affect the density of a material - although
materials do expand when they are heated, the change
in size is very small.
7. Elasticity
- it is the ability of a body to resist a distorting
influence and to return to its original size and shape
when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects
will deform when adequate forces are applied to them.
If the material is elastic, the object will return to its
initial shape and size when these forces are removed.
8. Brittleness
- A material is brittle if, when subjected to stress, it
breaks without significant plastic
deformation. Brittle materials absorb relatively little
energy prior to fracture, even those of high strength.
Breaking is often accompanied by a snapping sound
9. Fusibility
- it is the property of being liquefied by heat.
Metals are fused in welding. Steels fuse around
2,500°F, aluminum alloys around 1,100°F.
10. Contraction and Expansion
- are caused by the cooling or heating of metals.
These properties affect the design of welding jigs,
castings, and the tolerances necessary for hot-rolled
material.
11. Durability
- is the ability of a physical product to remain
functional, without requiring excessive maintenance or
repair, when faced with the challenges of normal
operation over its design lifetime. Several units may be
used to measure the durability of a product according
to its field of application, such as years of life, hours of
use, and operational cycles.
12. Toughness
- is the ability of a material to absorb energy and
plastically deform without fracturing. One definition of
material toughness is the amount of energy per unit
volume that a material can absorb before rupturing. It
is also defined as a material's resistance to fracture
when stressed.
12. Plasticity
- describes the deformation of a material
undergoing non-reversible changes of shape in
response to applied forces.
Aircraft Metals
Aircraft Metals
1. FERROUS METALS
- any alloy containing iron as its chief constituent,
most common ferrous metal in aircraft structure is
steel, an alloy of iron with a controlled amount of
carbon added.
Aircraft Metals
Aircraft Metals
2. NON-FERROUS METALS
- the term that describes metals which are have
elements other than Iron as their base. Aluminum,
Copper, Titanium, and Magnesium are some of the
common non-ferrous metals used in Aircraft
Construction and Repair.
Aircraft Metals

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