12a.land Seg-D

© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 1
Goal
During this lecture you will: -

• Gain an understanding of the SEG-D format
– Be introduced to the terminology of data formats
• Become aware about shot timing problems
• See an example SEG-D header
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 2
SEG-D
The “society of exploration geophysicists” has

described several recording formats for seismic data
The SEG-D is the name of the standard format for
the recording of field data
The SEG-D standard has been revised twice since
the introduction. Revision 2 was made to better
handle high density tapes (3590, D2 etc.)
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 3
SEG-D The Tape
• The shots are recorded as complete files, separated by an End Of File

mark (EOF)
FILE EOF FILE EOF FILE EOF FILE EOF EOF
START END
OF TAPE OF TAPE
• The tape is always ended with an End Of Tape mark (EOT). The EOT
consists of two EOF marks
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 4
SEG-D The File
•The seismic data file is made up by two main parts:
SEG-D HEADER DATA
START END
OF FILE OF FILE
– The “SEG-D HEADER” contains information about the

“DATA”
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 5
SEG-D Header
• The SEG-D header consists of 4 types of headers:
SEG-D HEADER DATA

START END
OF FILE OF FILE
GENERAL SCAN EXTENDED HEADER EXTERNAL

HEADER TYPE HEADER
HEADER
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 6
SEG-D Header
• General header:
• File number
• Format code (8015, or 8058, or ...)
• General constant (reel No.)
• Time
• “Base scan interval” = Sample rate
• No. of channel sets
• Length of Extended and External headers

HEADER TYPE HEADER
HEADER
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 7
SEG-D Header
• Scan type header:
– Contains one channel set descriptor for each channel set (32 bytes):
• Ch. Set starting time

• Ch. Set end time (record length)
• Descale multiplier (mp-factor)
• No. Of channels in channel set
• Channel type(s)
• Sample rate “sub-scan” divisor
• Filter cut-off and slope

HEADER TYPE HEADER
HEADER
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 8
SEG-D Header
• Extended header:
• Source and receiver lines configuration
• Vib. Type/station units serial numbers
• Parity info
• Cable lengths

HEADER TYPE HEADER
HEADER
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 9
SEG-D Header
• External header:
– General information
• Q writes prospect, client, crew etc
– Shot related data about:
• Position
• Vib performance
GENERAL SCAN TYPE EXTENDED HEADER EXTERNAL

HEADER HEADER HEADER
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 10
SEG-D Channel Sets
A channel set is a set of adjacent channels having the

same properties (data type, MP factor (gain) , filters, etc.)
SEG-D
HEADER DATA
AUX. SEISMIC
START END
OF
CH. CHANNEL SET(S) OF
FILE SET(S) FILE
Auxiliary channel sets (Time break, Up hole, Vib. Pilot,etc)

are recorded first, then Seismic channels set(s)
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 11
Trace Headers
• Each trace within the channel set starts with a trace header
SEG-D
HEADER DATA
START END
OF OF
FILE FILE
TRACE
DATA (ONE TRACE)
HEADER
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 12
Trace Headers
• The trace header contains information about each individual trace (20 bytes):
– File no
– Channel set no
– Trace no
– 1st timing word
– Sample skew (0)
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 13
Timing Word
• Each scan of data from the phones is preceded by a timing word
Ch 1, 2, 3, 4 . . . . . . n
TIMING 1 SCAN
WORD
The timing word describes the time

elapsed from Energy Event (vibs/guns
firing) to the Scan of Interest
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 14
Timing Word
• The timing word from the first scan of the channel is included in
the trace header for verification of the timing of the record
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 15
Timing Word
• The first timing word (FTW) must remain at virtually the same
value from channel to channel and from file to file
• If the FTW varies, it means that the timing of the records is
unstable
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 16
Timing Word Problems
• There are common problems that will lead to this type of error
– Unstable source controller timing
• TB is sent to recorder at wrong time
– Lack of synchronisation of the spread
– Shooter and vib systems
• Changing radio types
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 17
Recording Formats
• SEG-D rev 1 supports several different recording formats. The
most interesting are:
–8015 20 bit (2.5 bytes) binary, Demultiplexed

–8036 24 bit 2’s complement integer, Demultiplexed
–8048 32 bit 2’s complement integer, Demultiplexed
–0015 20 bit binary, Multiplexed
–8058 32 bit binary Demultiplexed
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 18
Recording Formats
• View an example of a real SEG-D header
segd_header.doc
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 19
SEG-D - Revision 2
• New in rev. 2:
–Recording of data blocks larger than a single trace
Allows ~10% more data on the tapes
–“Tape label” written to tape at BOT

Tape no, seg-d rev. #, Equipment manufacturer code, creation date, crew name, acquisition
system serial no
–File numbers greater than 9999 are supported

Not implemented in some recording systems
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 20
SEG-D - Revision 2
• New in rev. 2 (cont.):

–Uses 2 or more general header blocks
–Allows recording of channel sets containing other
data than wiggles
– Eg. Positioning data
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 21
A SEG-D rev. 2 tape may look like this:
START END
LABEL EOF FILE EOF FILE EOF FILE EOF FILE EOF EOF
OF TAPE OF TAPE
SEG-D HEADER DATA

START END
SOURCE DATA AUX SEISMIC DATA NAV. DATA
OF FILE OF FILE
4 Ch. Sets 1 Ch. Set pr. Ch. Set #n
streamer
SCAN TYPE HEADER !

Gen. Gen. Ch. Set Ch. Set Ch. Set Extended External
HDR #1 HDR #2 Descriptor #1 Descriptor #2 .... Descriptor #n Header Header
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 22
Summary
During this lecture you have:
• Seen the SEG-D format
– Been introduced to the terminology of data formats
• Been shown how shot timing problems are manifested on tape
• Viewed an example SEG-D header
© WesternGeco
AWS 15 Jan 02
Slide 23

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© WesternGeco

During this lecture you will: -

The “society of exploration geophysicists” has

• The shots are recorded as complete files, separated by an End Of File

FILE EOF FILE EOF FILE EOF FILE EOF EOF

•The seismic data file is made up by two main parts:

SEG-D HEADER DATA

– The “SEG-D HEADER” contains information about the

• The SEG-D header consists of 4 types of headers:

SEG-D HEADER DATA

GENERAL SCAN EXTENDED HEADER EXTERNAL

GENERAL SCAN EXTENDED HEADER EXTERNAL

• Ch. Set starting time

GENERAL SCAN EXTENDED HEADER EXTERNAL

GENERAL SCAN EXTENDED HEADER EXTERNAL

GENERAL SCAN TYPE EXTENDED HEADER EXTERNAL

A channel set is a set of adjacent channels having the

Auxiliary channel sets (Time break, Up hole, Vib. Pilot,etc)

• Each scan of data from the phones is preceded by a timing word

The timing word describes the time

–8015 20 bit (2.5 bytes) binary, Demultiplexed

–“Tape label” written to tape at BOT

–File numbers greater than 9999 are supported

• New in rev. 2 (cont.):

SEG-D HEADER DATA

SCAN TYPE HEADER !

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