Graphics Programming

OpenGL

Katia Oleinik: [email protected]

Graphics Programming
OpenGL
• Low-level API
• cross-language
• cross-platform
• 2D, 3D computer graphics
 GLUT - The OpenGL Utility Toolkit
• simple, easy and small

• window system independent toolkit for writing OpenGL

programs;
• implements a simple windowing API;
• makes it considerably easier to learn and explore OpenGL;
• provides portable API – you can write a single OpenGL program;

• designed for constructing small sized OpenGL programs;

• is not a full-featured toolkit for large applications that requires
sophisticated user interface
• has C/C++ and FORTRAN programming bindings
• available on nearly all platforms
 Step0.c

Simple GLUT program

Log on to katana
% cp –r /scratch/ogltut/ogl .
% cd ogl

Note that after tutorial, examples will be available via

the web, but not in the location above.
Go to
http://scv.bu.edu/documentation/presentations/intro_to_OpenGL/ogltut/
 Step0.c

Simple GLUT program

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <GL/glut.h>

void display(void);
void init(void);

int main(int argc, char **argv){

glutInit(&argc, argv); // GLUT Configuration
glutCreateWindow("Sample GL Window"); // Create Window and give a title

glutDisplayFunc(display); /* Set display as a callback for the current window */

init(); /* Set basic openGL states */

/* Enter GLUT event processing loop,

which interprets events and calls respective callback routines */
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
 Step0.c

Simple GLUT program

/* called once to set up basic opengl state */

void init( ){

/* display is called by the glut main loop once for every animated frame */
void display( ){

}
 Steps to edit, compile and run the
program
• Edit the source file in the editor, save it and exit
• >make file_name
• >file_name

• For step0.c:
• >make step0
• >step0
 Step1.c

More GLUT functions

int main(int argc, char **argv){

glutInit(&argc, argv); // GLUT Configuration

glutInitDisplayMode ( GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH );

glutInitWindowSize ( 500, 500 ); // Set size and position of the window

glutWindowPosition ( 200, 200 );

glutCreateWindow(“GL Primitives"); // Create Window and give a title

glutDisplayFunc(display); /* Set a callback for the current window */

init(); /* Set basic openGL states */

/* Enter GLUT event processing loop */

glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
 Step1.c

Initialize openGL scene

/* called once to set up basic openGL state */
void init(void){
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); /* Use depth buffering for hidden surface removal*/

glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); /* Set up the perspective matrix */

glLoadIdentity();

/* left, right, bottom, top, near, far */

/* near and far values are the distances
from the camera to the front and rear clipping planes */
glOrtho(-4.0, 4.0, -4.0, 4.0, 1., 10.0); // orthgraphic view
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); /* Set up the model view matrix */
glLoadIdentity();

/* Camera position */
/* By the default, the camera is situated at the origin, points down the negative
z-axis, and has an upper vector (0,1,0)*/
gluLookAt(0.,0.,5.,0.,0.,0.,0.,1.,0.);
}
 Step1.c

More GLUT functions

/* drawing routine, called by the display function every animated frame */
void mydraw( ){
glColor3f( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0); // red color
glutSolidSphere(1., 24, 24); // draw a sphere of radius 1.
}

/* display is called by the glut main loop once for every animated frame */
void display( ){

/* initialize color and depth buffers */

glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

/* call the routine that actually draws what you want */

mydraw();
glutSwapBuffers(); /* show the just-filled frame buffer */

}
 GLUT primitives
• void glutSolidSphere(GLdouble radius, GLint slices, GLint stacks);
• void glutWireSphere(GLdouble radius, GLint slices, GLint stacks);

• void glutSolidCube(GLdouble size);

• void glutSolidCone(GLdouble base, GLdouble height, GLint slices, GLint stacks);
• void glutSolidTorus(GLdouble innerRadius, GLdouble outerRadius, GLint nsides, GLint rings);
• void glutSolidDodecahedron(void); // radius sqrt(3)
• void glutSolidTetrahedron(void); // radius sqrt(3)
• void glutSolidIcosahedron(void) // radius 1
• void glutSolidOctahedron(void); // radius 1
 Step1.c

Interactive Exercise #1: working with GLUT primitives

• Run interactive exercise #1

• >int_gl_prim

• Use up and down arrows to explore different

GLUT primitives

• Use w/s keys to switch between wire and solid

state
 Step1.c

GLUT primitives
• glutSolidSphere glutWireSphere
• glutSolidCube glutWireCube
• glutSolidCone glutWireCone
• glutSolidTorus glutWireTorus
• glutSolidDodecahedron glutWireDodecahedron
• glutSolidOctahedron glutWireOctahedron
• glutSolidTetrahedron glutWireTetrahedron
• glutSolidIcosahedron glutWireIcosahedron
• glutSolidTeapot glutWireTeapot

• More info:
http://www.opengl.org/documentation/specs/glut/spec3/node80.html
Colors: RGBA vs. Color-Index
Color mode

Color-Index
RGBA mode
Mode
 Step1.c

Interactive Exercise #2: Exploring openGL colors

• Run interactive exercise

• >int_gl_color

• Press c/s keys to switch between object/background mode

• Use r/g/b keys to switch between red/green/blue components

• Use arrow keys to modify the value of color component

 Step1.c

Setting up the scene and adding color

/* display is called by the glut main loop once for every

animated frame */
void display( ){

/* initialize background color and clear color and

depth buffers */
glClearColor(0.7f, 0.7f, 0.7, 0.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

mydraw();

glutSwapBuffers();
}
 Step1.c

Setting up the scene and adding color

void mydraw() {
glColor3f( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0); /* red color */
glutSolidTeapot(.5); /* draw teapot */
}

More information about gl color routines:

http://www.opengl.org/sdk/docs/man/xhtml/glColor.xml
 Step1.c

Open GL transformation
 Step1.c

Viewing: Camera Analogy

Positioning the Viewing

Camera Transformation

Modeling
Positioning the Model
Transformation

Choose a camera lens

Projection Transformation
and adjust zoom

Mapping to screen Viewport Transformation

 Step1.c

Viewport transformation

• indicates the shape of the available screen area into which the
scene is mapped
• Since viewport specifies the region the image occupies on the
computer screen, you can think of the viewport transformation
as defining the size and location of the final processed
photograph - for example, whether the photograph should be
enlarged or shrunk.
• if the window changes size, the viewport needs to change
accordingly
void glViewport( int x,
int y,
int width,
int height);
 Step1.c

Viewport transformation

glViewport( 0, 0, width, height);

 Step1.c

Projection
Perspective vs. Orthographic

Objects which are far away are smaller than those

nearby; All objects appear the same size regardless the
distance;
Does not preserve the shape of the objects.
Orthographic views make it much easier to compare
Perspective view points give more information about sizes of the objects. It is possible to accurately
depth; Easier to view because you use perspective measure the distances
views in real life.
All views are at the same scale
Useful in architecture, game design, art etc.
Very useful for cartography, engineering drawings,
machine parts.
 Step1.c

Projection transformation

glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();

//perspective projection
glFrustum(left, right, bottom, top, near, far);

Or

//orthographic projection
glOrtho (left, right, bottom, top, near, far);
 Step1.c

Perspective Transformation

//perspective projection
void glFrustum(double left,
double right,
double bottom,
double top,
double near,
double far);
 Step1.c

Perspective Transformation

Four sides of the frustum, its top, and its base correspond to the
six clipping planes of the viewing volume.

Objects or parts of objects outside these planes are clipped from

the final image

Does not have to be symmetrical

 Step1.c

Perspective Transformation

//perspective projection
void gluPerspective( double fovy,
double aspect,
double near,
double far);
 Step1.c

Orthographic Transformation

//orthographic projection
void glOrtho( double left,
double right,
double bottom,
double top,
double near,
double far);
 Step1.c

Modelview Matrix

//perspective projection
void gluLookAt(double eyeX, double eyeY, double eyeZ,
double centerX, double centerY, double centerZ,
double upX, double upY, double upZ);
 Step1.c

Setting up the scene

void init(void) { /* called once to set up basic opengl state */

glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); /* Set up the projection matrix */
glLoadIdentity();
// left,right,bottom,top,near,far
glFrustum(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1., 10.0); // perspective view
// glOrtho (-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1., 10.0); // orthographic view
// gluPerspective(45.0f, 1., 1., 10.); // perspective view

glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); /* Set up the model view matrix */

glLoadIdentity();

eye center up-direction

gluLookAt(0.,0.,2.,0.,0.,0.,0.,1.,0.); /* Camera position */

}
 Step1.c

Interactive exercise #3: setting up the camera

• Run interactive exercise

• >int_gl_camera

• Use a/ n/ f keys to choose angle/ near/ far modes.

• Use ex/ ey/ ez keys to choose x, y, z values for eye

location.

• Use cx/ cy/ cz keys to choose x, y, z values for center

location.
 step1.c

Assignment #1: setting up the scene

• Modify input file step1.c

1) Draw a ball with the color of your choice

2) Set orthographic projection, so that the diameter
of the ball would be about 20% of the width of
the screen.
3) Set up camera on z axis 5 units away from the
origin
 step2.c

Additional GLUT callback routines

GLUT supports many different callback actions, including:
glutDisplayFunc()defines the function that sets up the image on the screen
glutReshapeFunc() function is called when the size of the window is changed
glutKeyBoardFunc() callback routine to respond on keyboard entry
glutMouseFunc() callback to respond on pressing the mouse button

glutMotionFunc() callback to respond mouse move while a mouse button is

pressed
glutPassiveMouseFunc() callback to respond to mouse motion regardless state
of mouse button

glutIdleFunc() callback routine for idle state, usually used for animation

More info: http://www.opengl.org/resources/libraries/glut/spec3/node45.html

 step2.c

Additional GLUT callback routines

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
. . .
/* Set callback function that responds on keyboard pressing */
glutKeyboardFunc (keypress);
. . .
}

/* keyboard callback routine */

void keypress( unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{

if (key == 'q' || key =='Q' || key ==27)exit(0); // exit

}
 Step2.c

Callback routines & Window Resizing

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
. . .
/* Set display as a callback for the current window */
glutDisplayFunc(display);

/* Set callback function that respond to resizing the window */

glutReshapeFunc(resize);

/* Set callback function that responds on keyboard pressing */

glutKeyboardFunc(keypress);

/* Set callback function that responds on the mouse click */

glutMouseFunc(mousepress);

. . .
}
 Step2.c

Callback routines & Window Resizing

void keypress( unsigned char key, int x, int y) { … }

void mousepress( int button, int state, int x, int y) { … }

void resize(int width, int height) {

double aspect;
glViewport(0,0,width,height); /* Reset the viewport */
aspect = (double)width / (double)height; /* compute aspect ratio*/

glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity(); //reset projection matrix

if (aspect < 1.0) {

glOrtho(-4., 4., -4./aspect, 4./aspect, 1., 10.);
} else {
glOrtho(-4.*aspect, 4.*aspect, -4., 4., 1., 10.);
}

glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
gluLookAt(0., 0., 5., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0.);
}
 step2.c

Assignment #2: callback routines and viewport

• Modify input file step2.c

1) Enable a Keyboard callback routine that prints

the pressed key in the command window
2) Make the program exit, when ESC (ascii=27), "q"
or "Q" are pressed
3) Enable a Mouse callback routine that prints on
the screen the information about which mouse
button was pressed
 step3.c

Geometric Primitives
Polygon
Points Lines
s

Coordinates Vertices Vertices

Size Width Outline/solid

Stippling Normals
 step3.c

OpenGL Primitives

glBegin(GL_LINES);

glVertex3f(10.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);

glVertex3f(20.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);

glVertex3f(10.0f, 5.0f, 0.0f);

glVertex3f(20.0f, 5.0f, 0.0f);

glEnd();

http://www.opengl.org/sdk/docs/man/xhtml/glBegin.xml
 step3.c

Define a box
void boxDef( float length, float height, float width)
{
glBegin(GL_QUADS);

/* you can color each side or even each vertex in different color */

glColor3f(0., .35, 1.);

glVertex3f(-length/2., height/2., width/2.);

glVertex3f( length/2., height/2., width/2.);
glVertex3f( length/2., height/2.,-width/2.);
glVertex3f(-length/2., height/2.,-width/2.);

/* add here other sides */

…..
glEnd();
}
 step3.c

OpenGL Transformations

Vertex Data

ModelView
Matrix

Projection
Matrix
Object
Coordinates
Perspective
Eye Division
Coordinates
Viewport
Clip Transformation
Coordinates

Device
Coordinates
Window
Coordinates
 step3.c

Model View Transformations

glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();

glTranslate(x, y, z); /* transformation L */

glRotate (angle, x, y, z); /* transformation M */
glScale (x, y, z); /* transformation N */

Order of operations: L*M*N*v

Draw Geometry
 step3.c

Model View Transformations

View from a plane Orbit an object

void pilotView( … ) void polarView( … )

{ {
glRotatef(roll, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0); glTranslatef(0.0, 0.0, -distance);
glRotatef(pitch, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0); glRotated(-twist, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
glRotatef(heading, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0); glRotated(-elevation, 1.0, 0.0,0.0);
glTranslatef(-x, -y, -z); glRotated(azimuth, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
} }

http://www.opengl.org/sdk/docs/man/xhtml/glRotate.xml
 step3.c

Assignment #3: GL primitives and transformations

• Modify input file step3.c

1) Create a thin box, centered around 0, using GL_QUADS type.

This box should be .01 thick (along y axis), 2.0 units in
length (in x axis), .4 units in width (along z axis).
2) Define a different (from your sphere) color for the box.
Remember you can assign a different color for each quad or
even to each vertex(!).
3) Move your sphere 1 unite up along y axis.
4) Move box down y axis, so its upper plane is on the level y=0.
5) Modify your keypress callback function to respond on pressing
"w" and "s" keys to switch between wire and solid states:
The GL constants are GL_FILL and GL_LINE
 step4.c

OpenGL Display Lists

// create one display list
int index = glGenLists(1);

// compile the display list

glNewList(index, GL_COMPILE);

glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
glVertex3fv(v0);
glVertex3fv(v1);
glVertex3fv(v2);
glEnd();
glEndList();
...
// draw the display list
glCallList(index);
...
// delete it if it is not used any more
glDeleteLists(index, 1);
 step4.c

Assignment #4: using GL lists

• Modify input file step4.c

1) use glScale to scale down the ball. Try to place glScale

command before glTranslate and then after. Compare the
results.
2) Add to the keyPress callback routine: if user presses "<" and
">" (or left, right) buttons, the platform (box) moves to the
left and to the right accordingly.
3) Remember it should not go beyond the clipping planes, so x
coordinate for the translation can not exceed plus/minus 4
 step5.c

Lighting
Ambient Light has no source, considered
to be everywhere.

• glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, light_amb)

Ambient

Ambient, Diffuse
Diffuse Light Ambient & Diffuse & Specular
shines upon an object indirectly

• glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, light_diff)

Diffuse

Specular Light highlights an object with a

reflective color. Diffuse & Specular

• glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, light_spec)

Specular
 step5.c

Light(s) Position

At least 8 lights available.

Light

Positional / Spotlight Directional

GLfloat light_pos[] = { x, y, z, w } // 4 th value: w=1 – for positional, w=0 – for directional

glLightfv (GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light_pos)

http://www.opengl.org/sdk/docs/man/xhtml/glLight.xml
 step5.c

Material Properties
Ambient default = (0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0)

• GLfloat mat_amb [] = {0.1, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0};

• glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_AMBIENT, mat_amb);

Diffuse In real life diffuse and ambient colors are set to the same value default = (0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0)

• GLfloat mat_diff [] = {0.1, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0};

• glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_DIFFUSE, mat_diff);
Specular default = (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)

• GLfloat mat_spec [] = {1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0};

• glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_spec);

Shininess controls the size and brightness of the highlight, value range (0. to 128.) default =0.0

• GLfloat low_shininess [] = {5.}; // the higher value the smaller and brighter (more focused) the highlight
• glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, low_shininess);

Emission emissive color of material (usually to simulate a light source), default = (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)

• GLfloat mat_emission[] = {0.3, 0.2, 0.2, 0.0};

• glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, mat_emission);
 step5.c

Default Lighting values

Parameter Name Default Value Meaning

GL_AMBIENT (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0) ambient RGBA intensity of light

GL_DIFFUSE (1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0) diffuse RGBA intensity of light

GL_SPECULAR (1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0) specular RGBA intensity of light

GL_POSITION (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0) (x, y, z, w) position of light

GL_SPOT_DIRECTION (0.0, 0.0, -1.0) (x, y, z) direction of spotlight

 step5.c

Default Material values

Parameter Name Default Value Meaning

GL_AMBIENT (0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0) ambient color of material

GL_DIFFUSE (0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0) diffuse color of material

GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE   ambient and diffuse color of

material

GL_SPECULAR (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0) specular color of material

GL_SHININESS 0.0 specular exponent

in the range of 0.0 to 128.0

GL_EMISSION (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0) emissive color of material

(to simulate a light)
 step5.c

A simple way to define light

• Light:
o set diffuse to the color you want the light to be
o set specular equal to diffuse
o set ambient to 1/4 of diffuse.

• Material:
o set diffuse to the color you want the material to be
o set specular to a gray (white is brightest reflection, black is no reflection)
o set ambient to 1/4 of diffuse
 step5.c

Enable Lighting
• /* Enable a single OpenGL light. */
• glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, light_diffuse);
• glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light_position);
• glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
• glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);

• glClearColor (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0); // background color

• glShadeModel (GL_SMOOTH); // shading algorithm

• glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat_specular);

• glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, mat_shininess);

• glEnable(GL_NORMALIZE); //enable normalizing to avoid problems with light!

• …
• glBegin(GL_QUADS); // specify a normal either per vertex or per polygon
   glNormal3f(0, 0, 1);
   glVertex3fv(a);
   glVertex3fv(b);
   glVertex3fv(c);
   glVertex3fv(d);
glEnd();
 step5.c

Assignment #5: add lights to the scene and

explore transformations

• Modify input file step5.c

1) Enable openGL lighs. Use directional light with the direction

coming diagonaly from the upper right corner toward the
origin.

2) Calculate normals for the sides of the platform

3) Add to the keyboard events the handling of pressing X, Y, Z,

keys - they will change the axis of the rotation. And pressing
keys F and B will rotate the object for 10 degrees. Apply this
rotations to the platform only.
 step6.c

Assignment #6: putting it all together for a game!

• Modify input file step6.c

1) move the platform down the screen, so it would move along the
y=-4 level
2) make ball "bounce" from the wall, left and right walls and the
platform
3) if the ball misses the platform, it should "fall" beneath the
"floor" and a new ball should appear from the "ceiling".
 OpenGL Helpful Materials
Online documentation

• OpenGL: http://www.opengl.org
• GLUT: http://www.freeglut.org
• Reference: http://www.glprogramming.com/blue/

Examples:
• From OpenGL.org (examples and tutorials): http://www.opengl.org/code

Books:
• “Red book”: OpenGL Programming Guide. Woo, Neider, Davis, Shreiner. ISBN 0-201-60458-2.
• “Blue book”: OpenGL Reference Manual. Shreiner. ISBN 0-201-65765-1
 Thank you! Final Notes:
• Please fill out an online evaluation of this tutorial:
scv.bu.edu/survey/tutorial_evaluation.html

• System help
[email protected], [email protected]

• Web-based tutorials
www.bu.edu/tech/research/tutorials

• Consultation by appointment
Katia Oleinik([email protected])