File Processing: 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

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1
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File Processing
 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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OBJECTIVES
In this chapter you will learn:
 To create, read, write and update files.
 Sequential file processing.
 Random-access file processing.
 To use high-performance unformatted I/O
operations.
 The differences between formatted-data and
raw-data file processing.
 To build a transaction-processing program
using random-access file processing.

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17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Data Hierarchy
17.3 Files and Streams
17.4 Creating a Sequential File
17.5 Reading Data from a Sequential File
17.6 Updating Sequential Files
17.7 Random-Access Files
17.8 Creating a Random-Access File
17.9 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File
17.10 Reading from a Random-Access File Sequentially
17.11 Case Study: A Transaction-Processing Program
17.12 Input/Output of Objects
17.13 Wrap-Up

4
17.1 Introduction
• Files
– Used for data persistence
• Permanent retention of large amounts of data
– Stored on secondary storage devices
• Magnetic disks
• Optical disks
• Tapes

5
17.2 The Data Hierarchy

• Bits (“binary digits”)
– Can assume one of two values, 0 or 1
– Smallest data item that computers support
• Computer circuitry performs simple bit manipulations
• Ultimately all data items are composed of bits
• Characters
– Include decimal digits, letters and special symbols
• Composed of bits (1s and 0s)
– A character set is the set of all characters used on a
particular computer
– chars are stored in bytes (8 bits)
– wchar_ts are stored in more than one byte
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17.2 The Data Hierarchy (Cont.)

• Fields
– Composed of characters
– Conveys some meaning
– Example
• Uppercase and lowercase letters can represent a name
• Records
– Composed of several fields
– Represented as a class in C++
– Example
• An employee’s record might include id#, name, address, etc.
– A record key is a field unique to each record

7
17.2 The Data Hierarchy (Cont.)

• File
– Composed of a group of related records
– Example
• A payroll file containing one record for each employee
– Many ways to organize records in a file
• Such as a sequential file
– Records are stored in order by a record-key field
• Database
– Composed of a group of related files
– Managed by a collection of programs called a database
management system (DBMS)

8
Fig. 17.1 | Data hierarchy.

9
17.3 Files and Streams

• Files
– Viewed by C++ as a sequence of bytes
– Ends either with an end-of-file marker or at a system-
recorded byte number
– Communication between a program and a file is performed
through stream objects
• <fstream> header file
– Stream class templates
• basic_ifstream – for file input
• basic_ofstream – for file output
• basic_fstream – for file input and output
– Files are opened by creating objects of stream template
specializations

10
Fig. 17.2 | C++’s view of a file of n bytes.

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Fig. 17.3 | Portion of stream I/O template hierarchy.

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17.4 Creating a Sequential File

• File structure
– The programmer must structure files
• C++ does not impose structures on files

1 // Fig. 17.4: Fig17_04.cpp
13
2
3
// Create a sequential file.
#include <iostream>
Outline
4 using std::cerr;
5 using std::cin;
6 using std::cout;
Fig17_04.cpp
7 using std::endl;
8 using std::ios;
9
(1 of 2)
10 #include <fstream> // file stream
11 using std::ofstream; // output file stream
12
13 #include <cstdlib>
14 using std::exit; // exit function prototype
15 Open file client.dat for output
16 int main()
17 {
18 // ofstream constructor opens file
19 ofstream outClientFile( "clients.dat", ios::out );
20
21 // exit program if unable to create file
22 if ( !outClientFile ) // overloaded ! operator
23 {
24 cerr << "File could not be opened" << endl; Overloaded operator! will return true
25 exit( 1 );
if the file did not open successfully
26 } // end if
27
28 cout << "Enter the account, name, and balance." << endl
29 << "Enter end-of-file to end input.\n? ";
 2006 Pearson Education,

Inc. All rights reserved.
30
14
31 int account;
Outline
32 char name[ 30 ];
33 double balance;
Overloaded operator void
34
* will return the null pointer 0
35 // read account, name and balance from cin, then place in file Fig17_04.cpp
36 while ( cin >> account >> name >> balance )
(false) when the user enters
37 {
the end-of-file
(2 of 2)indicator
38 outClientFile << account << ' ' << name << ' ' << balance << endl;
39 cout << "? ";
40 } // end while Write data to client.dat using
41 the stream insertion operator
42 return 0; // ofstream destructor closes file
43 } // end main
ofstream destructor
Enter the account, name, and balance.
Enter end-of-file to end input.
implicitly closes the file
? 100 Jones 24.98
? 200 Doe 345.67
? 300 White 0.00
? 400 Stone -42.16
? 500 Rich 224.62
? ^Z

15
17.4 Creating a Sequential File (Cont.)
• Creating an ofstream object

– Opens a file for output
– Constructor takes two arguments
• A filename
– If the file doe not exist, it is first created
• A file-open mode
– ios::out – the default mode
• Overwrites preexisting data in the file
– ios::app
• Appends data to the end of the file
– Can also use member function open on existing object
• Takes same arguments as the constructor

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Mode Description
ios::app Append all output to the end of the file.
ios::ate Open a file for output and move to the end of the file (normally used to
append data to a file). Data can be written anywhere in the file.
ios::in Open a file for input.
ios::out Open a file for output.
ios::trunc Discard the file’s contents if they exist (this also is the default action
for ios::out).
ios::binary Open a file for binary (i.e., nontext) input or output.
Fig. 17.5 | File open modes.

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17.4 Creating a Sequential File (Cont.)
• Using an ofstream object

– Writing to the file
• Use the stream insertion operator
– Member function close
• Releases the file resource
• Implicitly performed by ofstream’s destructor
• ios operators (usable with ofstream)
– Operator member function operator!
• Returns true if either the failbit or badbit is set
– Operator member function operator void *
• Converts the stream to a pointer
– The null pointer if either the failbit or badbit is set

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Computer system Keyboard combination
UNIX/Linux/Mac OS X <ctrl-d> (on a line by itself)

Microsoft Windows <ctrl-z> (sometimes followed by pressing Enter)
VAX (VMS) <ctrl-z>
Fig. 17.6 | End-of-file key combinations for various popular computer systems.

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• Creating an ifstream object

– Opens a file for input
– Constructor takes two arguments
• A filename
• A file-open mode
– ios::in – the default mode
• Can only read from the file
– Can also use member function open on an existing object
• Takes same arguments as the constructor

1 // Fig. 17.7: Fig17_07.cpp
20
2
3
// Reading and printing a sequential file.
#include <iostream>
Outline
4 using std::cerr;
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
Fig17_07.cpp
7 using std::fixed;
8 using std::ios;
9 using std::left;
(1 of 3)
10 using std::right;
11 using std::showpoint;
12
13 #include <fstream> // file stream
14 using std::ifstream; // input file stream
15
16 #include <iomanip>
17 using std::setw;
18 using std::setprecision;
19
20 #include <string>
21 using std::string;
22
25
26 void outputLine( int, const string, double ); // prototype

27
21
28 int main()
29 {
Outline
30 // ifstream constructor opens the file Open clients.dat for input
31 ifstream inClientFile( "clients.dat", ios::in );
32
Fig17_07.cpp
33 // exit program if ifstream could not open file
34 if ( !inClientFile )
35 {
(2 of 3)
36 cerr << "File could not be opened" << endl;
37 exit( 1 );
Overloaded operator! returns
38 } // end if true if clients.dat was
39 not opened successfully
40 int account;
41 char name[ 30 ];
42 double balance;
43
44 cout << left << setw( 10 ) << "Account" << setw( 13 )
45 << "Name" << "Balance" << endl << fixed << showpoint;
46 Overloaded operator void * returns
47 // display each record in file a null pointer 0 (false) when the end
48 while ( inClientFile >> account >> name >> balance ) of clients.dat is reached
49 outputLine( account, name, balance );
50
51 return 0; // ifstream destructor closes the file
52 } // end main
ifstream destructor
implicitly closes the file

53
22
54 // display single record from file
Outline
55 void outputLine( int account, const string name, double balance )
56 {
57 cout << left << setw( 10 ) << account << setw( 13 ) << name
58 << setw( 7 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << right << balance << endl; Fig17_07.cpp
59 } // end function outputLine
(3 of 3)
Account Name Balance
100 Jones 24.98
200 Doe 345.67
300 White 0.00
400 Stone -42.16
500 Rich 224.62

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(Cont.)
• File-position pointer
– The byte number of the next byte to be read or written
– Member functions seekg and seekp (of istream and
ostream, respectively)
• Repositions the file-position pointer to the specified location
– Takes desired offset argument as a long
• A second argument can specify the seek direction
– ios::beg – the default
• Positioning relative to the beginning
– ios::cur
• Positioning relative to the current position
– ios::end
• Positioning relative to the end
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(Cont.)
– Member functions seekg and seekp (Cont.)
• Examples
– fileObject.seekg( n );
• Position to the nth byte of fileObject
– fileObject.seekg( n, ios::cur );
• Position n bytes forward in fileobject
– fileObject.seekg( n, ios::end );
• Position n bytes back from end of fileObject
– fileObject.seekg( 0, ios::end );
• Position at end of fileObject

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(Cont.)
• File-position pointer (Cont.)
– Member functions tellg and tellp (of istream and
ostream, respectively)
• Returns current position of the file-position pointer as type
long
• Example
– Location = fileObject.tellg();

1 // Fig. 17.8: Fig17_08.cpp
26
2
3
// Credit inquiry program.
#include <iostream>
Outline
4 using std::cerr;
5 using std::cin;
6 using std::cout;
Fig17_08.cpp
7 using std::endl;
8 using std::fixed;
9 using std::ios;
(1 of 6)
10 using std::left;
13
14 #include <fstream>
15 using std::ifstream;
16
18 using std::setw;
20
21 #include <string>
23
26
27 enum RequestType { ZERO_BALANCE = 1, CREDIT_BALANCE, DEBIT_BALANCE, END };
28 int getRequest();
29 bool shouldDisplay( int, double );
30 void outputLine( int, const string, double );

31
27
32 int main()
33 {
Outline
34 // ifstream constructor opens the file
35 ifstream inClientFile( "clients.dat", ios::in );
36
Fig17_08.cpp
37 // exit program if ifstream could not open file
38 if ( !inClientFile )
39 {
(2 of 6)
40 cerr << "File could not be opened" << endl;
41 exit( 1 );
42 } // end if
43
44 int request;
45 int account;
46 char name[ 30 ];
47 double balance;
48
49 // get user's request (e.g., zero, credit or debit balance)
50 request = getRequest();
51

52 // process user's request
28
53
54
while ( request != END )
{
Outline
55 switch ( request )
56 {
57 case ZERO_BALANCE:
Fig17_08.cpp
58 cout << "\nAccounts with zero balances:\n";
59 break;
60 case CREDIT_BALANCE:
(3 of 6)
61 cout << "\nAccounts with credit balances:\n";
62 break;
63 case DEBIT_BALANCE:
64 cout << "\nAccounts with debit balances:\n";
65 break;
66 } // end switch
67
68 // read account, name and balance from file
69 inClientFile >> account >> name >> balance;
70
71 // display file contents (until eof)
72 while ( !inClientFile.eof() )
73 {
74 // display record
75 if ( shouldDisplay( request, balance ) )
76 outputLine( account, name, balance );
77
78 // read account, name and balance from file
79 inClientFile >> account >> name >> balance;
80 } // end inner while
81

82 inClientFile.clear(); // reset eof for next input
29
83
84
inClientFile.seekg( 0 ); // reposition to beginning of file
request = getRequest(); // get additional request from user
Outline
85 } // end outer while
86 Use ostream member function
87 cout << "End of run." << endl; seekg to reposition the file-
Fig17_08.cpp
88 return 0; // ifstream destructor closes the file position pointer to the beginning
89 } // end main
90
(4 of 6)
91 // obtain request from user
92 int getRequest()
93 {
94 int request; // request from user
95
96 // display request options
97 cout << "\nEnter request" << endl
98 << " 1 - List accounts with zero balances" << endl
99 << " 2 - List accounts with credit balances" << endl
100 << " 3 - List accounts with debit balances" << endl
101 << " 4 - End of run" << fixed << showpoint;
102
103 do // input user request
104 {
105 cout << "\n? ";
106 cin >> request;
107 } while ( request < ZERO_BALANCE && request > END );
108
109 return request;
110 } // end function getRequest
111

112 // determine whether to display given record
30
113 bool shouldDisplay( int type, double balance )
Outline
114 {
115 // determine whether to display zero balances
116 if ( type == ZERO_BALANCE && balance == 0 )
117 return true; Fig17_08.cpp
118
119 // determine whether to display credit balances (5 of 6)
120 if ( type == CREDIT_BALANCE && balance < 0 )
121 return true;
122
123 // determine whether to display debit balances
124 if ( type == DEBIT_BALANCE && balance > 0 )
125 return true;
126
127 return false;
128 } // end function shouldDisplay
129
130 // display single record from file
131 void outputLine( int account, const string name, double balance )
132 {
133 cout << left << setw( 10 ) << account << setw( 13 ) << name
134 << setw( 7 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << right << balance << endl;

Enter request
31
1 - List accounts with zero balances
2 - List accounts with credit balances Outline
3 - List accounts with debit balances
4 - End of run
? 1
Accounts with zero balances: Fig17_08.cpp
300 White 0.00
Enter request (6 of 6)
2 - List accounts with credit balances
4 - End of run
? 2
Accounts with credit balances:
400 Stone -42.16
Enter request
4 - End of run
? 3
Accounts with debit balances:

100 Jones 24.98
200 Doe 345.67
500 Rich 224.62
Enter request
4 - End of run
? 4
End of run.
32
17.6 Updating Sequential Files

• Updating a record in a sequential file
– The new record could be longer than the old record
• If it is, it could overwrite the next sequential record
• You would have to rewrite every record into another file
– Copy over all records before this one
– Write new version of this record
– Copy over all records after this one
• This might be acceptable if you are updating many records

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17.7 Random-Access Files

• Random-access files
– Necessary for instant-access applications
• Such as transaction-processing systems
– A record can be inserted, deleted or modified without
affecting other records
– Various techniques can be used
• Require that all records be of the same length, arranged in
the order of the record keys
– Program can calculate the exact location of any record
• Base on the record size and record key

34
Fig. 17.9 | C++ view of a random-access file.

35

• ostream member function write
– Writes a number of bytes from a location in memory to the
stream
• If the stream is associated with a file, the writing is at the
“put” file-position pointer
– First argument
• A const char * pointing to bytes in memory
– Second argument
• A size_t specifying the number of bytes to write
– Example
• outFile.write( reinterpret_cast< const char
* >( &number ), sizeof( number ) );

36
(Cont.)
• Operator reinterpret_cast
– Casts a pointer of one type to an unrelated type
– Also converts between pointer and integer types
– Is performed at compile time
• Does not change the value of the object pointed to

1 // Fig. 17.10: ClientData.h
37
2 // Class ClientData definition used in Fig. 17.12–Fig. 17.15.
Outline
3 #ifndef CLIENTDATA_H
4 #define CLIENTDATA_H
5
6 #include <string> ClientData.h
8 (1 of 2)
9 class ClientData
10 {
11 public:
12 // default ClientData constructor
13 ClientData( int = 0, string = "", string = "", double = 0.0 );
14
15 // accessor functions for accountNumber
16 void setAccountNumber( int );
17 int getAccountNumber() const;
18
19 // accessor functions for lastName
20 void setLastName( string );
21 string getLastName() const;
22
23 // accessor functions for firstName
24 void setFirstName( string );
25 string getFirstName() const;

26
38
27 // accessor functions for balance
Outline
28 void setBalance( double );
29 double getBalance() const;
30 private:
31 int accountNumber; ClientData.h
32 char lastName[ 15 ];
33 char firstName[ 10 ]; (2 of 2)
34 double balance;
35 }; // end class ClientData
Store the first and last name in fixed-length
36
char arrays – we cannot use strings
37 #endif
because they do not have uniform length

1 // Fig. 17.11: ClientData.cpp
39
2
3
// Class ClientData stores customer's credit information.
#include <string>
Outline
5
6 #include "ClientData.h"
ClientData.cpp
7
8 // default ClientData constructor
9 ClientData::ClientData( int accountNumberValue,
(1 of 3)
10 string lastNameValue, string firstNameValue, double balanceValue )
11 {
12 setAccountNumber( accountNumberValue );
13 setLastName( lastNameValue );
14 setFirstName( firstNameValue );
15 setBalance( balanceValue );
16 } // end ClientData constructor
17
18 // get account-number value
19 int ClientData::getAccountNumber() const
20 {
21 return accountNumber;
22 } // end function getAccountNumber
23
24 // set account-number value
25 void ClientData::setAccountNumber( int accountNumberValue )
26 {
27 accountNumber = accountNumberValue; // should validate
28 } // end function setAccountNumber

29
40
30 // get last-name value
Outline
31 string ClientData::getLastName() const
32 {
33 return lastName;
34 } // end function getLastName ClientData.cpp
35
36 // set last-name value (2 of 3)
37 void ClientData::setLastName( string lastNameString )
38 {
39 // copy at most 15 characters from string to lastName
40 const char *lastNameValue = lastNameString.data(); string member function data returns an
41 int length = lastNameString.size(); array containing the characters of the string
42 length = ( length < 15 ? length : 14 ); (not guaranteed to be null terminated)
43 strncpy( lastName, lastNameValue, length );
44 lastName[ length ] = '\0'; // append null character to lastName string member function
45 } // end function setLastName size returns the length
46
of lastNameString
47 // get first-name value
48 string ClientData::getFirstName() const
49 {
50 return firstName;
51 } // end function getFirstName

52
41
53 // set first-name value
Outline
54 void ClientData::setFirstName( string firstNameString )
55 {
56 // copy at most 10 characters from string to firstName
57 const char *firstNameValue = firstNameString.data(); ClientData.cpp
58 int length = firstNameString.size();
59 length = ( length < 10 ? length : 9 ); (3 of 3)
60 strncpy( firstName, firstNameValue, length );
61 firstName[ length ] = '\0'; // append null character to firstName
62 } // end function setFirstName
63
64 // get balance value
65 double ClientData::getBalance() const
66 {
67 return balance;
68 } // end function getBalance
69
70 // set balance value
71 void ClientData::setBalance( double balanceValue )
72 {
73 balance = balanceValue;
74 } // end function setBalance

1 // Fig. 17.12: Fig17_12.cpp
42
2 // Creating a randomly accessed file.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4 using std::cerr;
5 using std::endl;
6 using std::ios; Fig17_12.cpp
7
8 #include <fstream> (1 of 2)
9 using std::ofstream;
10
13
14 #include "ClientData.h" // ClientData class definition
15

16 int main()
43
17 {
Outline
18 ofstream outCredit( "credit.dat", ios::binary );
19 Open credit.dat in binary
20 // exit program if ofstream could not open file mode, which is required to
21 if ( !outCredit ) Fig17_12.cpp
write fixed-length records
22 {
23 cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl; (2 of 2)
24 exit( 1 );
25 } // end if
26
27 ClientData blankClient; // constructor zeros out each data member
28
29 // output 100 blank records to file
30 for ( int i = 0; i < 100; i++ )
31 outCredit.write( reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &blankClient ),
32 sizeof( ClientData ) );
33
34 return 0;
35 } // end main Write the data in blankClient
to credit.dat as bytes

44
17.9 Writing Data Randomly to a
Random-Access File
• Writing data randomly
– Opening for input and output in binary mode
• Use an fstream object
• Combine file-open modes ios::in, ios::out and
ios::binary
– Separate each open mode from the next with the bitwise
inclusive OR operator (|)
– Use function seekp to set the “put” file-position pointer to
the specific position
• Example calculation
– ( n – 1 ) * sizeof( ClientData )
• Byte location for nth ClientData record
– Use function write to output the data
1 // Fig. 17.13: Fig17_13.cpp
45
2
3
// Writing to a random-access file.
#include <iostream>
Outline
4 using std::cerr;
5 using std::cin;
6 using std::cout;
Fig17_13.cpp
7 using std::endl;
8 using std::ios;
9
(1 of 4)
11 using std::setw;
12
14 using std::fstream;
15
18
20
21 int main()
22 {
23 int accountNumber; Create fstream outCredit to
open credit.dat for input
25 char firstName[ 10 ];
26 double balance;
and output in binary mode
27
28 fstream outCredit( "credit.dat", ios::in | ios::out | ios::binary );
29

30 // exit program if fstream cannot open file
46
31
32
if ( !outCredit )
{
Outline
33 cerr << "File could not be opened." << endl;
34 exit( 1 );
35 } // end if
Fig17_13.cpp
36
37 cout << "Enter account number (1 to 100, 0 to end input)\n? ";
38
(2 of 4)
39 // require user to specify account number
40 ClientData client;
41 cin >> accountNumber;
42
43 // user enters information, which is copied into file
44 while ( accountNumber > 0 && accountNumber <= 100 )
45 {
46 // user enters last name, first name and balance
47 cout << "Enter lastname, firstname, balance\n? ";
48 cin >> setw( 15 ) >> lastName;
49 cin >> setw( 10 ) >> firstName;
50 cin >> balance;
51
52 // set record accountNumber, lastName, firstName and balance values
53 client.setAccountNumber( accountNumber );
54 client.setLastName( lastName );
55 client.setFirstName( firstName );
56 client.setBalance( balance );
57

58 // seek position in file of user-specified record
47
59 outCredit.seekp( ( client.getAccountNumber() - 1 ) *
Outline
Position the “put” file-
61 position pointer to the
62 // write user-specified information in file desired byte location
63 outCredit.write( reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &client ), Fig17_13.cpp
65 (3 of 4)
66 // enable user to enter another account
67 cout << "Enter account number\n? "; Write the ClientData record to
68 cin >> accountNumber; the correct position in the file
69 } // end while
70
71 return 0;
72 } // end main

Enter account number (1 to 100, 0 to end input) 48
? 37 Outline
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Barke r Doug 0.00
Enter account number
? 29
Fig17_13.cpp
? Brown Nancy -24.54
(4 of 4)
? 96
? S tone S am 34.98
? 88
? S mith Dave 258.34
? 33
? Dunn S tace y 314.33
? 0

49
17.10 Reading from a Random-Access
File Sequentially
• Sequentially reading a random-access file
– ifstream member function read
• Inputs a number of bytes from the current file position in the
stream into an object
• First argument
– A char * pointing to the object in memory
• Second argument
– A size_t specifying the number of bytes to input
– Additional benefit
• Sequentially read-in records are sorted in order of ascending
record keys
– Space-time trade off: a fast sorting algorithm, but space-
consuming

1 // Fig. 17.14: Fig17_14.cpp
50
2
3
// Reading a random access file sequentially.
#include <iostream>
Outline
4 using std::cerr;
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
Fig17_14.cpp
7 using std::fixed;
8 using std::ios;
9 using std::left;
(1 of 3)
12
15 using std::setw;
16
18 using std::ifstream;
19 using std::ostream;
20
23
25
26 void outputLine( ostream&, const ClientData & ); // prototype
27

28 int main()
51
29 {
30 ifstream inCredit( "credit.dat", ios::in );
Outline
31
32 // exit program if ifstream cannot open file
33 if ( !inCredit )
Fig17_14.cpp
34 {
36 exit( 1 );
(2 of 3)
37 } // end if
38
39 cout << left << setw( 10 ) << "Account" << setw( 16 )
40 << "Last Name" << setw( 11 ) << "First Name" << left
41 << setw( 10 ) << right << "Balance" << endl;
42
43 ClientData client; // create record
44
45 // read first record from file
46 inCredit.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
48
49 // read all records from file
50 while ( inCredit && !inCredit.eof() ) This loop-continuation condition evaluates to
51 {
false if an error occurs when reading
52 // display record
53 if ( client.getAccountNumber() != 0 )
from the file or if the end of file is reached
54 outputLine( cout, client );
55

56 // read next from file
52
57 inCredit.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
Outline
59 } // end while
60 Because outputLine takes an ostream reference
61 return 0; as argument, it can be used with cout (an
Fig17_14.cpp
62 } // end main ostream object) or an ofstream object (derived
63 (3 of 3)or to a file
from ostream) to output to the screen
64 // display single record
65 void outputLine( ostream &output, const ClientData &record )
66 {
67 output << left << setw( 10 ) << record.getAccountNumber()
68 << setw( 16 ) << record.getLastName()
69 << setw( 11 ) << record.getFirstName()
70 << setw( 10 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << right << fixed
71 << showpoint << record.getBalance() << endl;
Account Last Name First Name Balance

29 Brown Nancy -24.54
33 Dunn Stacey 314.33
37 Barker Doug 0.00
88 Smith Dave 258.34
96 Stone Sam 34.98

1 // Fig. 17.15: Fig17_15.cpp
53
2
3
// This program reads a random access file sequentially, updates
// data previously written to the file, creates data to be placed
Outline
4 // in the file, and deletes data previously in the file.
5 #include <iostream>
6 using std::cerr;
Fig17_15.cpp
7 using std::cin;
8 using std::cout;
9 using std::endl;
(1 of 10)
10 using std::fixed;
11 using std::ios;
12 using std::left;
15
17 using std::ofstream;
18 using std::ostream;
19 using std::fstream;
20
22 using std::setw;
24
27
29

30 int enterChoice();
54
31 void createTextFile( fstream& );
Outline
32 void updateRecord( fstream& );
33 void newRecord( fstream& );
34 void deleteRecord( fstream& );
35 void outputLine( ostream&, const ClientData & ); Fig17_15.cpp
36 int getAccount( const char * const );
37 (2 of 10)
38 enum Choices { PRINT = 1, UPDATE, NEW, DELETE, END };
39
40 int main()
41 {
42 // open file for reading and writing
43 fstream inOutCredit( "credit.dat", ios::in | ios::out );
44
45 // exit program if fstream cannot open file “Or” together modes ios::in
46 if ( !inOutCredit ) and ios::out for both
47 { reading and writing capabilities
49 exit ( 1 );
50 } // end if
51
52 int choice; // store user choice
53

54 // enable user to specify action
55
55
56
while ( ( choice = enterChoice() ) != END )
{
Outline
57 switch ( choice )
58 {
59 case PRINT: // create text file from record file
Fig17_15.cpp
60 createTextFile( inOutCredit );
61 break;
62 case UPDATE: // update record
(3 of 10)
63 updateRecord( inOutCredit );
64 break;
65 case NEW: // create record
66 newRecord( inOutCredit );
67 break;
68 case DELETE: // delete existing record
69 deleteRecord( inOutCredit );
70 break;
71 default: // display error if user does not select valid choice
72 cerr << "Incorrect choice" << endl;
73 break;
74 } // end switch
75
76 inOutCredit.clear(); // reset end-of-file indicator
77 } // end while
78
79 return 0;
80 } // end main
81

82 // enable user to input menu choice
56
83 int enterChoice()
84 {
Outline
85 // display available options
86 cout << "\nEnter your choice" << endl
87 << "1 - store a formatted text file of accounts" << endl
Fig17_15.cpp
88 << " called \"print.txt\" for printing" << endl
89 << "2 - update an account" << endl
90 << "3 - add a new account" << endl
(4 of 10)
91 << "4 - delete an account" << endl
92 << "5 - end program\n? ";
93
94 int menuChoice;
95 cin >> menuChoice; // input menu selection from user
96 return menuChoice;
97 } // end function enterChoice
98
99 // create formatted text file for printing fstream object argument for
100 void createTextFile( fstream &readFromFile ) inputting data from credit.dat
101 {
102 // create text file
103 ofstream outPrintFile( "print.txt", ios::out );
104
105 // exit program if ofstream cannot create file
106 if ( !outPrintFile )
107 {
108 cerr << "File could not be created." << endl;
109 exit( 1 );
110 } // end if
111

112 outPrintFile << left << setw( 10 ) << "Account" << setw( 16 )
57
113
114
<< "Last Name" << setw( 11 ) << "First Name" << right
<< setw( 10 ) << "Balance" << endl;
Outline
115
116 // set file-position pointer to beginning of readFromFile
117 readFromFile.seekg( 0 ); Use istream member function seekg
Fig17_15.cpp
118 to ensure that the file-position pointer
119 // read first record from record file is at the beginning of the file
(5 of 10)
121 readFromFile.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
123
124 // copy all records from record file into text file
125 while ( !readFromFile.eof() )
126 {
127 // write single record to text file
128 if ( client.getAccountNumber() != 0 ) // skip empty records
129 outputLine( outPrintFile, client );
130
131 // read next record from record file
132 readFromFile.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
134 } // end while
135 } // end function createTextFile
136
137 // update balance in record
138 void updateRecord( fstream &updateFile )
139 {
140 // obtain number of account to update
141 int accountNumber = getAccount( "Enter account to update" );

142
58
143
144
// move file-position pointer to correct record in file
updateFile.seekg( ( accountNumber - 1 ) * sizeof( ClientData ) );
Outline
145
146 // read first record from file
Fig17_15.cpp
148 updateFile.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
(6 of 10)
150 Read data into object client, using
151 // update record istream member function read
153 {
154 outputLine( cout, client ); // display the record Determine whether the record
155 contains information
156 // request user to specify transaction
157 cout << "\nEnter charge (+) or payment (-): ";
Use function outputLine
158 double transaction; // charge or payment
159 cin >> transaction;
with the cout ostream
160 object to display the record
161 // update record balance
162 double oldBalance = client.getBalance();
163 client.setBalance( oldBalance + transaction );
164 outputLine( cout, client ); // display the record
165
166 // move file-position pointer to correct record in file
167 updateFile.seekp( ( accountNumber - 1 ) * sizeof( ClientData ) );
168

169 // write updated record over old record in file
59
170
171
updateFile.write( reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &client ),
sizeof( ClientData ) );
Outline
172 } // end if
173 else // display error if account does not exist
174 cerr << "Account #" << accountNumber
Fig17_15.cpp
175 << " has no information." << endl;
176 } // end function updateRecord
177
(7 of 10)
178 // create and insert record
179 void newRecord( fstream &insertInFile )
180 {
181 // obtain number of account to create
182 int accountNumber = getAccount( "Enter new account number" );
183
185 insertInFile.seekg( ( accountNumber - 1 ) * sizeof( ClientData ) );
186
187 // read record from file
189 insertInFile.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
191
192 // create record, if record does not previously exist
193 if ( client.getAccountNumber() == 0 )
194 {
196 char firstName[ 10 ];
197 double balance;
198

199 // user enters last name, first name and balance
60
200
201
cout << "Enter lastname, firstname, balance\n? ";
cin >> setw( 15 ) >> lastName;
Outline
202 cin >> setw( 10 ) >> firstName;
203 cin >> balance;
204
Fig17_15.cpp
205 // use values to populate account values
206 client.setLastName( lastName );
207 client.setFirstName( firstName );
(8 of 10)
208 client.setBalance( balance );
209 client.setAccountNumber( accountNumber );
210
212 insertInFile.seekp( ( accountNumber - 1 ) * sizeof( ClientData ) );
213
214 // insert record in file
215 insertInFile.write( reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &client ),
217 } // end if
218 else // display error if account already exists
Display an error message indicating
219 cerr << "Account #" << accountNumber
220 << " already contains information." << endl;
that the account exists
221 } // end function newRecord
222
223 // delete an existing record
224 void deleteRecord( fstream &deleteFromFile )
225 {
226 // obtain number of account to delete
227 int accountNumber = getAccount( "Enter account to delete" );
228

61
230
231
deleteFromFile.seekg( ( accountNumber - 1 ) * sizeof( ClientData ) );
Outline
232 // read record from file
234 deleteFromFile.read( reinterpret_cast< char * >( &client ),
Fig17_15.cpp
236
237 // delete record, if record exists in file
(9 of 10)
239 {
240 ClientData blankClient; // create blank record
241
243 deleteFromFile.seekp( ( accountNumber - 1 ) *
245
Copy an empty record into the
246 // replace existing record with blank record
247 deleteFromFile.write( file to reinitialize that account
248 reinterpret_cast< const char * >( &blankClient ),
250
251 cout << "Account #" << accountNumber << " deleted.\n";
252 } // end if If the specified account is empty,
253 else // display error if record does not exist display an error message
254 cerr << "Account #" << accountNumber << " is empty.\n";
255 } // end deleteRecord
256

257 // display single record
62
258 void outputLine( ostream &output, const ClientData &record )
259 {
Outline
260 output << left << setw( 10 ) << record.getAccountNumber()
261 << setw( 16 ) << record.getLastName()
262 << setw( 11 ) << record.getFirstName()
Fig17_15.cpp
263 << setw( 10 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << right << fixed
264 << showpoint << record.getBalance() << endl;
(10 of 10)
266
267 // obtain account-number value from user
268 int getAccount( const char * const prompt )
269 {
270 int accountNumber;
271
272 // obtain account-number value
273 do
274 {
275 cout << prompt << " (1 - 100): ";
276 cin >> accountNumber;
277 } while ( accountNumber < 1 || accountNumber > 100 );
278
279 return accountNumber;
280 } // end function getAccount

63
17.12 Input/Output of Objects

• Inputting/outputting objects to disk files
– Usually done by inputting/outputting the object’s data
members
• We overloaded the stream extraction operator >> and stream
insertion operator << for this
• Loses the object’s type information
– If the program knows the object type, the program can
read the correct type
– If not, we would have to output a type code preceding
each collection of data members representing an object
• A switch statement can then be used to invoke the
proper overloaded function

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1

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17.2 The Data Hierarchy

17.2 The Data Hierarchy (Cont.)

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17.2 The Data Hierarchy (Cont.)

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Fig. 17.1 | Data hierarchy.

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17.3 Files and Streams

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Fig. 17.2 | C++’s view of a file of n bytes.

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Fig. 17.3 | Portion of stream I/O template hierarchy.

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17.4 Creating a Sequential File

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17.4 Creating a Sequential File (Cont.)

• Creating an ofstream object

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Fig. 17.5 | File open modes.

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17.4 Creating a Sequential File (Cont.)

• Using an ofstream object

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Computer system Keyboard combination

UNIX/Linux/Mac OS X <ctrl-d> (on a line by itself)

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17.5 Reading Data from a Sequential File

• Creating an ifstream object

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Accounts with debit balances:

17.6 Updating Sequential Files

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17.7 Random-Access Files

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Fig. 17.9 | C++ view of a random-access file.

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17.8 Creating a Random-Access File

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