Dokumen - Tips Maths Project 11 Classsets

 Set theory is the branch of mathematics that studies sets,
which are collections of objects. Although any type of

object can be collected into a set, set theory is applied
most often to objects that are relevant to mathematics.
 The modern study of set theory was initiated by Cantor
and Dedekind in the 1870s. After the discovery of
paradoxes in informal set theory, numerous
axiom systems were proposed in the early twentieth
century, of which the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms, with the
axiom of choice, are the best-known.
 Set theory begins with a fundamental binary relation between an
object o and a set A. If o is a member (or element) of A, we write .
Since sets are objects, the membership relation can relate sets as
well.
 A derived binary relation between two sets is the subset relation,
also called set inclusion. If all the members of set A are also
members of set B, then A is a subset of B, denoted . For example,
{1,2} is a subset of {1,2,3}, but {1,4} is not. From this definition, it is
clear that a set is a subset of itself; in cases where one wishes to
avoid this, the term proper subset is defined to exclude this
possibility.
Just as arithmetic features binary
operations on numbers, set theory
features binary operations on sets. The:
1) Union of the sets A and B, denoted , is the

set whose members are members of at least one of A
or B. The union of {1, 2, 3} and {2, 3, 4} is the set {1,
2, 3, 4}.
3) Complement of set A relative to set U, denoted , is the set
of all members of U that are not members of A. This terminology
is most commonly employed when U is a universal set, as in the
study of Venn diagrams. This operation is also called the set
difference of U and A, denoted The complement of {1,2,3}
relative to {2,3,4} is {4}, while, conversely, the complement of
{2,3,4} relative to {1,2,3} is {1}.
•Symmetric difference of sets A and B is
the set whose members are members of
exactly one of A and B. For instance, for
the sets {1,2,3} and {2,3,4}, the
symmetric difference set is {1,4}.
The power set of a
set A is the set
whose members
are all possible
subsets of A. For
example, the power
set of {1, 2} is { {},
{1}, {2}, {1,2} }.
 In this we define a set by actually
listing its elements, for example , the
elements in the set A of letters of the
English alphabet can be listed as
A={a,b,c,……….,z}
NOTE: We do not list an element
more than once in a given set
 In this form,set is defined by stating properties which the statements
of the set must satisfy.We use braces { } to write set in this form.
 The brace on the left is followed by a lower case italic letter that
represents any element of the given set.
 This letter is followed by a vertical bar and the brace on the left and
the brace on the right.
 Symbollically, it is of the form {x|- }.
 Here we write the condition for which x satisfies,or more briefly, { x |
p(x)},where p(x) is a preposition stating the condition for x.
 The vertical is a symbol for ‘such that’ and the symbolic form
 A={ x | x is even } reads
 “A is the set of numbers x such that x is even.”
 Sometimes a colon: or semicolon ; is also used in place of the vertical
bar
 A set is finite if it consists of a definite number of
different elements ,i.e.,if in counting the different
members of the set,the counting process can
come to an end,otherwise a set is infinite.
 For example,if W be the set of people livilng in a
town,then W is finite.
If P be the set of all points on a line between the
distinct points A and B ,then P is infinite.
A set that contains no members is called
the empty set or null set .
For example, the set of the months of a
year that have fewer than 15 days has no
member
.Therefore ,it is the empty set.The empty
set is written as { }
 Equal sets are sets which have the
same members.For example, if
P ={1,2,3},Q={2,1,3},R={3,2,1}
then P=Q=R.
 (1) Every set is a subset of itself.
 (2) The empty set is a subset of every set.
 (3)

Dokumen - Tips Maths Project 11 Classsets

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dokumen - Tips Maths Project 11 Classsets

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dokumen - Tips Maths Project 11 Classsets

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

 Set theory is the branch of mathematics that studies sets,

which are collections of objects. Although any type of

1) Union of the sets A and B, denoted , is the

You might also like