The Component of System Unit

Discovering
Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Objectives Overview
Differentiate among various Identify chips,

styles of system units on
adapter cards, and
desktop computers,
notebook computers, and other components of
mobile devices a motherboard
Describe the control unit Identify characteristics of

and arithmetic logic unit various personal computer
components of a processor, processors on the market
and explain the four steps today, and describe the
in a machine cycle ways processors are cooled
See Page 209 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 2
for Detailed Objectives
Objectives Overview
Describe the purpose and types

Differentiate of expansion slots and adapter
among the various cards, and differentiate among
slots for various removable
types of memory flash memory devices
Differentiate between a port and

a connector, and explain the Describe the
differences among a USB port,
FireWire port, Bluetooth port, types of buses in
SCSI port, eSATA port, IrDA port,
serial port, and MIDI port a computer
See Page 209 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 3
for Detailed Objectives
The System Unit
• The system unit is

a case that
contains
electronic
components of
the computer
used to process
data
Page 210 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 4

Figure 4-1
The System Unit
• The inside of the system unit on a desktop

personal computer includes:
Drive bay(s)
Power supply
Sound card
Video card
Processor
Memory

Figure 4-2
The System Unit
• The motherboard is the main circuit board of the

system unit
– A computer chip contains integrated circuits

Figure 4-3
Processor
• The processor, also called the central processing

unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer
– Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU)
Multi-core Dual-core
processor processor
Processor

Figure 4-4
Processor
• The control unit is the component of the

processor that directs and coordinates most of
the operations in the computer
• The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison, and other operations

Processor
• For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of

four basic operations, which comprise a machine
cycle

Figure 4-5
Processor
• Most current personal

computers support
pipelining
– Processor begins
fetching a second
instruction before it
completes the machine
cycle for the first
instruction
Pages 215 – 216 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 11

Figure 4-6
Processor
The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions
●
The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is measured in gigahertz
(GHz)
The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations

Processor
• The leading
manufacturers of
personal computer
processor chips are Intel
and AMD

Figure 4-7
Processor
• Determine how you plan to use a new computer

before selecting a processor

Figure 4-8
Processor
• A processor chip
generates heat that
could cause the chip to
burn up
• Require additional
cooling
– Heat sinks
– Liquid cooling
technology
Pages 219 - 220 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 15

Figures 4-9 – 4-10
Processor
• Parallel processing uses multiple processors

simultaneously to execute a single program or task
– Massively parallel processing involves hundreds or thousands of
processors

Figure 4-11
Data Representation
Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality
●
Most computers are digital
●
The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)
●
Bits and bytes
Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off

Data Representation
A computer circuit represents the 0 Eight bits grouped together as a
or the 1 electronically by the unit are called a byte. A byte
presence or absence of an represents a single character in the
electrical charge computer

Figures 4-12 – 4-13
Data Representation
• ASCII (American
Standard Code for
Information
Interchange) is the most
widely used coding
scheme to represent
data

Figure 4-14
Data Representation

Figure 4-15
Memory
• Memory consists of electronic components that

store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and
the results of processing the data
• Stores three basic categories of items:
The operating
system and other
Application
system software programs
Memory
• Each location in memory has an address

• Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),
megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes
(TB)

Figure 4-17
Memory
• The system unit contains two types of memory:
Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory
Loses its contents when power is Does not lose contents when
turned off power is removed
Examples include ROM, flash

Example includes RAM
memory, and CMOS

Memory

Figure 4-18
Memory
• Three basic types of RAM chips exist:
Dynamic Static RAM

RAM (DRAM) (SRAM)
Magnetoresistiv
e RAM (MRAM)
Figure 4-19
Memory
• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module

and are inserted into memory slots

Figure 4-20
Memory
• The amount of RAM necessary in a computer

often depends on the types of software you plan
to use

Figure 4-21
Memory
• Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer

because it stores frequently used instructions and data

Figure 4-22
Memory
Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and
instructions
●
Firmware
A PROM (programmable read-only memory) chip is a blank ROM chip that can be written
to permanently
●
EEPROM can be erased

Memory
• Flash memory can be erased electronically and

rewritten
– CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes
little power

Figure 4-23
Memory
• Access time is the amount of time it takes the

processor to read from memory
– Measured in nanoseconds

Figures 4-24 – 4-25
Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
• An expansion slot is a
socket on the motherboard
that can hold an adapter
card
• An adapter card enhances
functions of a component of
the system unit and/or
provides connections to
peripherals
– Sound card and video card

Figure 4-26
• With Plug and Play, the computer automatically

can configure adapter cards and other peripherals
as you install them

Figure 4-27
• Removable flash memory includes:

– Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC
Cards/ExpressCard modules

Figure 4-28
Ports and Connectors
A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a system unit
(sometimes referred to as a jack)
A connector joins a cable to a port


Figure 4-29
• On a notebook computer, the ports are on the

back, front, and/or sides

Figure 4-30

Figure 4-31
• A USB port can connect up to 127 different

peripherals together with a single connector
– You can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB
port with a USB hub

Figure 4-32
• Other types of ports include:
Firewire Bluetooth
port port
eSATA
SCSI port
Pages 234 - 236 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 port 40
A Bluetooth wireless port A smart phone might
adapter converts a USB port into communicate with a notebook
a Bluetooth port computer using an IrDA port

Figures 4-33 – 4-34
• A port replicator is an
external device that
provides connections to
peripherals through ports
built into the device
• A docking station is an
external device that
attaches to a mobile
computer or device

Figure 4-35
Buses
• A bus allows the various

devices both inside and
attached to the system
unit to communicate with
each other
– Data bus
– Address bus
• Word size is the number
of bits the processor can
interpret and execute at a
given time
Figure 4-36
Buses
• Expansion slots connect to expansion buses

• Common types of expansion buses include:
PCI Express Accelerated

PCI bus
bus Graphics Port
USB and
PC Card bus
FireWire bus

Bays
• A bay is an opening
inside the system unit in
which you can install
additional equipment
– A drive bay typically
holds disk drives

Figure 4-37
Power Supply
The power supply converts the wall

outlet AC power into DC power
Some external peripherals have an AC

adapter, which is an external power
supply
Putting It All Together
Home Small Office/ Mobile

Intel Core i5 or Home Office Intel Core i7 Extreme or
Intel Core 2 i3 or Intel Core i7 or Intel Core i7 or
AMD Athlon II or Intel Core i7 Extreme or AMD Phenom II or
AMD Sempron AMD Phenom II or AMD Turion II
AMD Athlon II
Minimum RAM: 2 GB Minimum RAM: 2 GB
Minimum RAM: 4 GB

Figure 4-38
Putting It All Together
Power Enterprise
Intel Xeon or Intel Core i7 or
Intel Itanium or Intel Core i7 Extreme
AMD Opteron or AMD Phenom II or
Minimum RAM: 8 GB AMD Athlon II
Minimum RAM: 4 GB

Figure 4-38
Keeping Your Computer
or Mobile Device Clean
Clean your computer or mobile device once or twice a year
Turn off and unplug your computer or mobile device before

cleaning it
Use compressed air to blow away dust
Use an antistatic wipe to clean the exterior of the case and a

cleaning solution and soft cloth to clean the screen
Video: The Leopard with a Time Machine
CLICK TO START
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 50

Summary
How memory stores

Components of
data, instructions,
the system unit and information
Sequence of Comparison of
operations that occur various personal
when a computer computer processors
executes an instruction on the market today
Discovering
Computers 2012
Your Interactive Guide
to the Digital World
Chapter 4 Complete

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Discovering

Differentiate among various Identify chips,

Describe the control unit Identify characteristics of

Describe the purpose and types

Differentiate between a port and

• The system unit is

Page 210 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 4

• The inside of the system unit on a desktop

Page 211 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 5

• The motherboard is the main circuit board of the

Page 212 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 6

• The processor, also called the central processing

Page 213 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 8

• The control unit is the component of the

Page 214 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 9

• For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of

Page 215 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 10

• Most current personal

Pages 215 – 216 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 11

The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations

Page 216 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 12

Pages 216 – 217 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 13

• Determine how you plan to use a new computer

Page 218 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 14

Pages 219 - 220 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 15

• Parallel processing uses multiple processors

Page 220 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 16

Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality

Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off

Page 221 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 17

Page 221 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 18

Page 221 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 19

Page 222 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 20

• Memory consists of electronic components that

• Each location in memory has an address

Page 223 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 22

• The system unit contains two types of memory:

Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory

Examples include ROM, flash

Pages 223 - 224 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 23

Page 224 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 24

• Three basic types of RAM chips exist:

Dynamic Static RAM

• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module

Page 225 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 26

• The amount of RAM necessary in a computer

Page 226 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 27

• Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer

Page 227 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 28

Page 228 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 29

• Flash memory can be erased electronically and

Pages 228 – 229 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 30

• Access time is the amount of time it takes the

Page 229 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 31

Page 230 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 32

• With Plug and Play, the computer automatically

Pages 230 – 231 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 33

• Removable flash memory includes:

Page 231 Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 4 34

A connector joins a cable to a port