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    Cataract: Mohd Roslee Bin Abd Ghani

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    Saha Dirllah
    Cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye that results in blurred vision. It is most commonly caused by aging but can also be due to eye injuries or medical conditions. The three main types are nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataracts. Symptoms include blurred vision and increased sensitivity to light. Treatment involves surgically removing the clouded lens and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens through phacoemulsification or extracapsular surgery. Post-operative medication may include antibiotics to prevent infection, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and NSAIDs. Complications can include infection, bleeding, swelling, or retinal detachment.

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    Cataract: Mohd Roslee Bin Abd Ghani

    Uploaded by

    Saha Dirllah
    135 views46 pages
    Cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye that results in blurred vision. It is most commonly caused by aging but can also be due to eye injuries or medical conditions. The three main types are nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataracts. Symptoms include blurred vision and increased sensitivity to light. Treatment involves surgically removing the clouded lens and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens through phacoemulsification or extracapsular surgery. Post-operative medication may include antibiotics to prevent infection, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and NSAIDs. Complications can include infection, bleeding, swelling, or retinal detachment.

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    CATARACT

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    Cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye that results in blurred vision. It is most commonly caused by aging but can also be due to eye injuries or medical conditions. The three main types are nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataracts. Symptoms include blurred vision and increased sensitivity to light. Treatment involves surgically removing the clouded lens and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens through phacoemulsification or extracapsular surgery. Post-operative medication may include antibiotics to prevent infection, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and NSAIDs. Complications can include infection, bleeding, swelling, or retinal detachment.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    135 views46 pages

    Cataract: Mohd Roslee Bin Abd Ghani

    Uploaded by

    Saha Dirllah
    Cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye that results in blurred vision. It is most commonly caused by aging but can also be due to eye injuries or medical conditions. The three main types are nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataracts. Symptoms include blurred vision and increased sensitivity to light. Treatment involves surgically removing the clouded lens and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens through phacoemulsification or extracapsular surgery. Post-operative medication may include antibiotics to prevent infection, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and NSAIDs. Complications can include infection, bleeding, swelling, or retinal detachment.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 46

    CATARACT

    MOHD ROSLEE BIN ABD GHANI


    LEARNING OBJECTIVE

    1. Define cataract

    2. Explain the pathophysiology of cataract

    3. Explain the types of cataract

    4. State the signs and symptoms of cataract

    5. Describe the treatment of cataract

    6. State the complications of cataract


    DEFINITION

     A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye.

     Most cataracts develop slowly over time, causing symptoms such


    as blurry vision.

     It can affect one or both eyes


    Incidence

     About 20 million people worldwide are blind due to cataracts.


     It is the cause of approximately 5% of blindness in the United States and nearly 60% of
    blindness in parts of Africa and South America.
     Blindness from cataracts occurs in about 10 to 40 per 100,000 children in the developing
    world, and 1 to 4 per 100,000 children in the developed world.
     Cataracts become more common with age.
     In the United States, cataracts occur in 68% of those over the age of 80 years.
     Additionally they are more common in women, and less common in Hispanic and Black
    people.
    ETIOLOGY

    1. Aging
    2. Trauma
    3. Radiation exposure, be
    4. Congenital
    5. Eye surgery for other problems.
    PATOPHYSIOLOGY

     With increasing of age, the lenses in the eyes become less flexible, less
    transparent and thicker.

     Age-related and other medical conditions cause tissues within the lens to
    break down and clump together, clouding small areas within the lens.

     As the cataract continues to develop, the clouding becomes denser and


    involves a bigger part of the lens.
    PATOPHYSIOLOGY…

     A cataract scatters and blocks the light as it passes through the lens, preventing
    a sharply defined image from reaching your retina.

     As a result, the vision becomes blurred.

     Cataracts generally develop in both eyes, but not evenly.


     The cataract in one eye may be more advanced than the other, causing a
    difference in vision between eyes.
    RISK FACTORS

    • Increasing age

    • Diabetes

    • Excessive exposure to sunlight

    • Smoking

    • Obesity
    RISK FACTORS…

    • High blood pressure

    • Previous eye injury or inflammation

    • Previous eye surgery

    • Prolonged use of corticosteroid medications

    • Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol


    TYPES OF CATARACT

    1. Nuclear Cataracts
    2. Cortical Cataracts
    3. Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts
    4. Congenital Cataracts
    Nuclear Cataracts

     Cataracts affecting the center of the lens


     A nuclear cataract may at first cause more nearsightedness or even a temporary
    improvement in reading vision.
     But with time, the lens gradually turns more densely yellow and further clouds the vision.
     As the cataract slowly progresses, the lens may even turn brown.
     Advanced yellowing or browning of the lens can lead to difficulty distinguishing between
    shades of color.
    Nuclear cataracts
    Cortical Cataracts

     Cataracts that affect the edges of the lens


     A cortical cataract begins as whitish, wedge-shaped opacities or streaks on
    the outer edge of the lens cortex.
     As it slowly progresses, the streaks extend to the center and interfere with
    light passing through the center of the lens.
    Cortical Cataracts
    Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts

     Cataracts that affect the back of the lens.


     A posterior subcapsular cataract starts as a small, opaque area that
    usually forms near the back of the lens, right in the path of light.
     A posterior subcapsular cataract often interferes with the reading vision,
    reduces the vision in bright light, and causes glare or halos around lights
    at night.
     These types of cataracts tend to progress faster than other types do.
    Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts
    Congenital Cataracts

     Cataracts you're born with.


     Some people are born with cataracts or develop them during childhood.
     These cataracts may be genetic, or associated with an intrauterine infection or trauma.
     These cataracts also may be due to certain conditions, such as myotonic dystrophy,
    galactosemia, neurofibromatosis type 2 or rubella.
     Congenital cataracts don't always affect vision, but if they do they're usually removed
    soon after detection.
    Congenital Cataracts
    SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

    • Clouded, blurred or dim vision


    • Increasing difficulty with vision at night
    • Sensitivity to light and glare
    • Need for brighter light for reading and other activities
    • Seeing "halos" around lights
    • Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescription
    • Fading or yellowing of colors
    • Double vision in a single eye
    DIAGNOSIS

     History taking

     Physical examination

     Investigation
    INVESTIGATIONS

    Visual acuity test.


     A visual acuity test uses an eye chart to measure how well you can read a series of letters.
     The eyes are tested one at a time, while the other eye is covered.
     Using a chart or a viewing device with progressively smaller letters, eye doctor
    determines if a patient has 20/20 vision or if the vision shows signs of impairment.
    INVESTIGATIONS…

    Slit-lamp examination.
     A slit lamp allows the doctor to see the structures at the front of the eye under
    magnification.
     The microscope is called a slit lamp because it uses an intense line of light, a slit, to
    illuminate the cornea, iris, lens, and the space between the iris and cornea.
     The slit allows the doctor to view these structures in small sections, which makes it easier
    to detect any tiny abnormalities.
    INVESTIGATIONS…

    Retinal exam.
     To prepare for a retinal exam, the doctor puts drops in the eyes to open the pupils wide
    (dilate).
     This makes it easier to examine the back of the eyes (retina).
     Using a slit lamp or a special device called an ophthalmoscope, the eye doctor can
    examine the lens for signs of a cataract.
    TREATMENT

    Phacoemulsification cataract surgery


     Phacoemulsification is the most common procedure for cataracts.
     Ophthalmologist makes a small opening in the eye to reach the clouded lens.
     Using high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) or a laser, ophthalmologist
    breaks the lens into pieces.
     Then the doctor sucks lens fragments from the eye and puts in a new intraocular
    lens (IOL)
    TREATMENT…

    Extracapsular cataract surgery


     An ophthalmologist might recommend this procedure if the phacoemulsification
    technique isn’t a good option for patient. For example, an advanced cataract
    might be too dense to break apart easily.
     In extracapsular cataract surgery, ophthalmologist makes a larger opening in the
    eye.
     Instead of breaking up the lens and then removing it, the ophthalmologist
    removes the lens in one piece.
     Then the surgeon inserts the intraocular lens (IOL).
    TYPES OF INTRAOCULAR LENS (IOL)

    1. Fixed-focus monofocal
     This type of lens has a single focus strength for distance vision.
     Reading will generally require the use of reading glasses.

    2. Accommodating-focus monofocal
     Although these lenses only have a single focusing strength, they can respond to eye muscle

    movements and shift focus to near or distant objects.


    TYPES OF INTRAOCULAR LENS (IOL)…

    3. Multifocal
     These lenses are similar to glasses with bifocal or progressive lenses.
     Different areas of the lens have different focusing strengths, allowing for near, medium and

    far vision.

    4. Astigmatism correction (toric)


     to correct the vision in astigmatism.
    MEDICATION FOR CATARACT

     There are usually two times that eye drops can be used in relation to cataracts:
    before and after cataract surgery.
     The three most common types of medicated eye drops for cataracts are;
    1. antibiotics,
    2. corticosteroids and
    3. anti-inflammatories.
    MEDICATION FOR CATARACT…

    Antibiotic eye drops


     Antibiotics are usually given before and after surgery to avoid bacterial infection.
     The main goal is to avoid a rare infection called endophthalmitis.
     This rare but serious condition leads to too much inflammation inside the eye and,
    potentially, vision loss.
     Antibiotics have been proven to reduce the risk of developing endophthalmitis by limiting
    the amount of bacteria on the eye before and after your operation.
     A patient can also receive intracameral antibiotics — medicine directly injected into the
    eye through a tiny needle.
    MEDICATION FOR CATARACT…

    Corticosteroid eye drops


     Topical corticosteroids drops can be used after cataract surgery to help the healing process
    and reduce pain, redness and inflammation.
     Like oral steroid medication, the patient will need to taper off of steroid drops, instead of
    stopping them abruptly.
     Since steroid eye drops can increase the pressure inside the eye, doctors will monitor the
    eye pressure during use.
     This is especially important for patients who also have glaucoma and/or previously
    elevated eye pressure.
    MEDICATION FOR CATARACT…

    Anti-inflammatory eye drops (NSAIDs)


     Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often used in the form of eye drops.
     These medications are used before and after cataract surgery to help control eye
    inflammation and reduce the risk of complications.
     NSAID eye drops are in the same anti-inflammatory family as common drugs like aspirin
    and ibuprofen, but are specially formulated for eye inflammation.
     Certain patients may have to take NSAIDs for longer than other patients, depending on
    their medical history.
    COMPLICATIONS

    1. Endophthalmitis
    2. Bleeding
    3. Swelling
    4. Drooping eyelid
    5. Dislocation of artificial lens
    6. Retinal detachment
    7. Glaucoma
    8. Secondary cataract
    9. Loss of vision
    PREVENTION

     Wearing sunglasses,

     Wearing wide brimmed hat

     Eating leafy vegetables and fruits,

     Avoiding smoking.
    THANK YOU

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