Flow Over Streamlined Weir

Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology
Department of Civil Engineering
Hydraulics / Irrigation Laboratory
OBJECT: Characteristics of flow over streamlined weir

APPARATUS: Self-contained glass sided Tilting flume, streamlined weir, Instrument
carrier, Hook and point gauge,
THEORY: Q = 1.705 Cd bH3/2
WEIR:
A structure, used to dam up a stream or river, over which the water flows, is called a weir. A
weir is basically an obstruction in an open channel flow path. Weirs are commonly used for
measurement of open channel flow rate. A weir functions by causing water to rise above the
obstruction in order to flow over it. The height of water above the obstruction correlates with the
flow rate, so that measurement of the height of the flowing water above the top of the weir can be
used to determine the flow rate through the use of an equation, graph or table.
NAPPE & CREST:
The bottom edge, over which the liquid flows or top part of weir is known as sill or crest of
the notch or weir and the sheet of liquid flowing over a notch (or a weir) is known as nappe or
vein.
TYPES OF WEIR:
A) On the Basis of the width of crest
1) Broad Crested Weir:
If the height of water above the weir crest is not greater than two times of the width
of the crest of weir, the weir is called a Broad Crested weir.
Most weirs in rivers are effectively broad crested, although with many variations in
shape. A broad-crested weir is a flat-crested structure, with a long crest compared to the
flow thickness. When the crest is "broad", the streamlines become parallel to the crest invert
and the pressure distribution above the crest is hydrostatic. Broad crested weirs are robust
structures that are generally constructed from reinforced concrete and which usually span
the full width of the channel. They are used to measure the discharge of rivers, and are
much more suited for this purpose than the relatively flimsy sharp crested weirs. This type
of weir is commonly used in the gauging of discharge in open channels, particularly where
accuracy and reliability are required to be combined with ease of construction and
maintenance. It is further divided into two types:
i) Rectangular Sharp Cornered Weir
ii) Rectangular Streamlined Weir
2) Narrow Crested Weir:
If the height of water above the weir crest is greater than two times of the width of
the crest of weir, the weir is called a Narrow Crested weir. A narrow crested weir is
hydraulically similar to an ordinary weir or to a rectangular weir.
B) On the Basis of the nature of crest
1) Sharp Crested Weir:
It is a special type of weir having a sharp-crest as shown in figure (a). The water
flowing over the crest comes in contact with the crest line and then springs up from the
crest and falls as a trajectory. A sharp-crested weir allows the water to fall cleanly away
from the weir
In a sharp-crested weir, the thickness of weir is kept less than half of the height of
water on the weir, i.e.,
2) Ogee Weir:
It is another special type of weir, generally used as a spillway of a dam as shown in

figure. The crest of an ogee weir slightly rises up from the point A (i.e., crest of the sharp-
crested weir) and after reaching the maximum rise of (where is the height of the
water above the point A) falls in a parabolic form as shown in figure (d).
C) Types of weirs based on Effect of the sides on the emerging nappe

Weir with end contraction (contracted weir)
Weir without end contraction (suppressed weir)
D) On the Basis of Geometrical Shape
1) Rectangular Weir:
2) (V-notch) weirs:
3) Trapezoidal (Cipolletti) weirs:
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF WEIR:
Used to alter the flow of rivers to prevent flooding.

Used for the measurement of discharge of flow.
Help rivers navigable.
Proper distribution of water carried by a main canal among the branch canals depending
upon it.
Reducing the hydraulic slope (gradient) in a canal (if canal water slope is greater than the
allowable water slope)
Reducing head on existing structures
Collecting sediments at u/s of structures (sand strap)
Slowing of water velocities and reducing erosion by directing water flow through weir into
stilling basin where the energy of flow is dissipated.
Discharge through bridges openings especially afflux and back water can be determined.
Weirs have traditionally been used to create mill ponds.
Can be used for fishing purpose.
PROCEDURE:
Ensure the flume is horizontal with the down stream weir at the bottom of its travel. Position the
streamlined broad crested weir and introduce water into the flume until it discharges over the weir.
Stop the flow of water into the flume and when the water stops flowing over the weir, set the hook
and point gauge some way upstream from the weir and obtain the water datum reading.
Adjust flow into the flume to obtain heads, H, increasing in about 10mm steps. For each step
measure Q, du and dc and tabulate the results. Note the water profiles.
RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS:

du dc H Q H3/2 Breadth of weir
b= ________ mm
Increase the height of the weir, by fitting the sharp

crested weir to the underside. Then repeat the experiment, noting in particular the value of dc for
critical flow.
CONCLUSION:
Students should comment on the effect of enlarging H on the specific energy E.

Flow Over Streamlined Weir

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Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology

Department of Civil Engineering

Hydraulics / Irrigation Laboratory

OBJECT: Characteristics of flow over streamlined weir

NAPPE & CREST:

A) On the Basis of the width of crest

1) Broad Crested Weir:

Department of Civil Engineering

Hydraulics / Irrigation Laboratory

2) Narrow Crested Weir:

B) On the Basis of the nature of crest

1) Sharp Crested Weir:

It is another special type of weir, generally used as a spillway of a dam as shown in

Department of Civil Engineering

Hydraulics / Irrigation Laboratory

C) Types of weirs based on Effect of the sides on the emerging nappe

D) On the Basis of Geometrical Shape

Department of Civil Engineering

Hydraulics / Irrigation Laboratory

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF WEIR:

Used to alter the flow of rivers to prevent flooding.

Department of Civil Engineering

Hydraulics / Irrigation Laboratory

RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS:

Increase the height of the weir, by fitting the sharp

Department of Civil Engineering

Hydraulics / Irrigation Laboratory

Students should comment on the effect of enlarging H on the specific energy E.

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