12-3 Tangent Lines and Velocity

Over Lesson 12-2
Evaluate .
A.
B.
C.
D.
Over Lesson 12-2
Evaluate .
A.
B.
C.
D.
You found average rates of change using secant lines.
(Lesson 1-4)
• Find instantaneous rates of change by calculating

slopes of tangent lines.
• Find average and instantaneous velocity.
• tangent line
• instantaneous rate of change
• difference quotient
• instantaneous velocity
Slope of a Graph at a Point
Find the slope of the line tangent to the graph of

y = x2 + 1 at (2, 5).
Instantaneous Rate
of Change Formula
x=2
f(2 + h) = (2 + h)2 + 1
and f(2) = 22 + 1
Multiply.
Simplify and factor.
Divide by h.
Sum Property of
Limits and Limits of
Constant and
Identity Functions
The slope of the graph at (2, 5) is 4, as shown.
Answer:
Find the slope of the line tangent to the graph
y = x2 – 3 at the point (–2, 1).
A. 1
B. –4
C. 2
D. –2
Find the slope of the line tangent to the graph
y = x2 – 3 at the point (–2, 1).
A. 1
B. –4
C. 2
D. –2
Slope of a Graph at Any Point
Find an equation for the slope of the graph of

y = x2 + 2x at any point.
Instantaneous Rate of
Change Formula
f(x + h) = (x + h)2 + 2(x + h)

and f(x) = x2 + 2x
Simplify.
Simplify.
Factor out h.
Divide by h.
Sum Properties of Limits,
Scalar Multiple Property
and Limits of Constant and
Identity Functions
Simplify.
An equation for the slope of the graph at any point is

m = 2x + 2, as shown.
Answer:
Find an equation for the slope of the graph at any
point of y = x2 + 3x – 2.
A. 2x – 2
B. x2 + 3
C. 2x
D. 2x + 3
Find an equation for the slope of the graph at any
point of y = x2 + 3x – 2.
A. 2x – 2
B. x2 + 3
C. 2x
D. 2x + 3
Average Velocity of an Object
PHYSICS As part of a physics experiment, a ball is

catapulted upward. The height of the ball is
h(t) = –16t 2 + 95t + 15, where t is in seconds and the
height of the ball is measured in feet. What was the
ball’s average velocity between t = 1 and t = 2?
First, find the total distance the ball traveled in the air
for a = 1 and b = 2.
h(t) = –16t 2 + 95t + 15 Original
Equation
h(1) = –16(1)2 + 95(1) + 15 a=1
h(1) = 94 Simplify.
Average Velocity of an Object
h(t) = –16t 2 + 95t + 15 Original

Equation
h(2) = –16(2)2 + 95(2) + 15 b=2
h(2) = 141 Simplify.
Now use the formula for average velocity.
Average Velocity
Formula
f(b) = 141, f(a) = 94,
b = 2, and a = 1
Simplify.
BASEBALL A baseball is thrown upward into the air.
The height of the baseball is h(t) = –16t2 + 85t + 6,
where t is in seconds and the height of the baseball
is measured in feet. What was the baseball’s average
velocity between t = 1 and t = 3?
A. 21 ft/sec
B. 42 ft/sec
C. 14 ft/sec
D. 7 ft/sec
BASEBALL A baseball is thrown upward into the air.
The height of the baseball is h(t) = –16t2 + 85t + 6,
where t is in seconds and the height of the baseball
is measured in feet. What was the baseball’s average
velocity between t = 1 and t = 3?
A. 21 ft/sec
B. 42 ft/sec
C. 14 ft/sec
D. 7 ft/sec
Instantaneous Velocity at a Point
TOURISM Tourists standing on a 300-foot-tall

viewing tower often drop coins into the fountain
below. The height of a coin falling from the tower
after t seconds is given by h(t) = 300 – 16t 2. Find
the instantaneous velocity v(t) of the coin at 2
seconds.
To find the instantaneous velocity, let t = 2 and apply

the formula for instantaneous velocity.
Instantaneous Velocity
Formula
f(t + h) = 300 – 16(2 + h)2

and f(t) = 200 – 16(2)2
Multiply and simplify.
Factor.
Divide by h.
Difference Property of
Limits and Limits of
Constant and Identity
Functions
The instantaneous velocity of the coin at 2 seconds is
64 feet per second. The negative sign indicates that
the height of the coin is decreasing.
Answer:
CONSTRUCTION Molly’s father is building her a
tree house. He accidentally drops his hammer out
one of the windows in the house. The height of the
hammer falling from the tree house is given by
h(t) = 90 – 16t 2. Find the instantaneous velocity v(t)
of the hammer at 1 second.
A. –16 ft/sec
B. 90 ft/sec
C. –32 ft/sec
D. –64 ft/sec
CONSTRUCTION Molly’s father is building her a
tree house. He accidentally drops his hammer out
one of the windows in the house. The height of the
hammer falling from the tree house is given by
h(t) = 90 – 16t 2. Find the instantaneous velocity v(t)
of the hammer at 1 second.
A. –16 ft/sec
B. 90 ft/sec
C. –32 ft/sec
D. –64 ft/sec
Instantaneous Velocity at Any Point
BEES The distance a bumblebee flies along a

path is given by p(t) = 12t – 6t 3 + 1, where t is
given in seconds and the distance of the
bumblebee from its starting point is given in
inches. Find the equation for the instantaneous
velocity v(t) of the bumblebee at any point in time.
Apply the formula for instantaneous velocity.

Instantaneous
Velocity Formula
p(t + h) = 12(t + h)
–6(t + h)3 + 1 and
p(t) = 12t – 6t2 + 1
Multiply and simplify.
Factor.
Divide by h.
Difference Property
of Limits and Limits
of Constant and
Identity Functions
Simplify.
The instantaneous velocity of the bumblebee at time t
is v(t) = 12 – 18t 2.
Answer:
ANTS The distance an ant crawls along a path is
given by c(t) = 14t – 10t3 + 2, where t is given in
seconds and the distance of the ant from its
starting point is given in inches. Find an equation
for the instantaneous velocity v(t) of the ant at any
point in time.
A. v(t) = –30t 2 + 2
B. v(t) = 14 – 30t 2
C. v(t) = 14t – 30t 2
D. v(t) = 14 + 30t 2
ANTS The distance an ant crawls along a path is
given by c(t) = 14t – 10t3 + 2, where t is given in
seconds and the distance of the ant from its
starting point is given in inches. Find an equation
for the instantaneous velocity v(t) of the ant at any
point in time.
A. v(t) = –30t 2 + 2
B. v(t) = 14 – 30t 2
C. v(t) = 14t – 30t 2
D. v(t) = 14 + 30t 2
• tangent line
• instantaneous rate of change
• difference quotient
• instantaneous velocity

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Over Lesson 12-2

• Find instantaneous rates of change by calculating

Find the slope of the line tangent to the graph of

Simplify and factor.

The slope of the graph at (2, 5) is 4, as shown.

Find an equation for the slope of the graph of

f(x + h) = (x + h)2 + 2(x + h)

An equation for the slope of the graph at any point is

PHYSICS As part of a physics experiment, a ball is

h(t) = –16t 2 + 95t + 15 Original

TOURISM Tourists standing on a 300-foot-tall

To find the instantaneous velocity, let t = 2 and apply

f(t + h) = 300 – 16(2 + h)2

Multiply and simplify.

BEES The distance a bumblebee flies along a

Apply the formula for instantaneous velocity.

C. v(t) = 14t – 30t 2

C. v(t) = 14t – 30t 2

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